Syllabus
Study Guide Ch. 14 - 15
Glossary
European Invasion:
http://apeuro.20m.com/
Expansionc
.htm
Spielvogel
Companion Site
Sixth Ed Site
7th ed Site
http://www.classzone.com/books/wh_survey05/page_build.cfm?id=flip_cards&ch=20&sfd=yes
http://www.classzone.com/books/ca_ww1/page_build.cfm?id=flashcard&ch=2&sfd=yes
European Exploration Puzzle
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424354/student_view0/chapter23/matching_exercise.html
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424354/student_view0/chapter25/matching_exercise.html
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424354/student_view0/chapter23/interactive_maps.html#
European Empires -
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424354/student_view0/chapter25/interactive_maps.html#
Absolutism -- http://www.classzone.com/books/wh_survey05/page_build.cfm?id=flip_cards&ch=21&sfd=yes
flashcards
/ Chronological
Ordering Exercises
HyperHistory Timeline
Practice Questions
1. Francisco Pizarro killed a king named
a. Moctezuma b.
Atahualpa c.
Cuzco d. de las Casas
2. James I alienated many of the members of Parliament by
a. encouraging an alliance with Spain
b. persecuting Puritans
c. insisting on the right to govern through Divine
Right d. spending money on the army
3. The overall practical purpose of the court of Versailles was:
a. to exclude the high nobility and royal princes from real
power
b. to serve as Louis XIV’s residence
c. to act as a reception hall for state affairs
d. to give Louis XIV a life of privacy
4. Which of the following was not a cause of the European
explorations?
a. technological advances that made longer sea voyages possible
b. Ottoman expansion that threatened traditional trade routes to the
east
c. European demand for eastern spices
d. Magyar invasions of eastern Europe
5. The Portuguese discovery of Brazil was the result of
a. deliberate Portuguese policy.
b. an expedition to Africa being blown off course.
c. a treaty agreement with Henry VII of England.
d. the insistence of the Spanish.
6. Which of the following was not a goal of Spanish colonization?
a. to extend sovereignty over new dominions
b. to convert natives to Christianity
c. to profit from overseas ventures
d. to provide Spain with a stronger agricultural base
7. Which of the following was not true of royal absolutism?
a. Standing armies were increased and served the needs of the monarch.
b. Courts grew larger and more lavish in an effort to enhance the glory
of the monarch and the state.
c. The monarchs delegated almost all authority to personal favorites.
d. Representative institutions were weakened or cast aside.
8. According to Cardinal Richelieu, which of the following was not a
danger to the centralized state?
a. peasants b. nobles c. Huguenots d. powerful
governors in the provinces
9. Mercantilism
a. was a military system.
b. insisted on a favorable balance of trade.
c. was adopted in England but not in France.
d. claimed that state power was based on land armies
10. The War of the Spanish Succession began when Charles II of Spain
left his territories to
a. a French heir.
b. a Spanish heir.
c. Eugene of Savoy.
d. the archduke of Austria.
11. Which of the following cities was the commercial and financial
capital of Europe in the seventeenth century?
a. London b.
Hamburg c.
Paris d. Amsterdam
12. Which of the following is a characteristic of an absolute state?
a. Sovereignty embodied in the representative assembly
b. Bureaucracies solely accountable to the middle classes
c. A strong voice expressed by the nobility
d. Permanent standing armies
13. One way in which Louis XIV controlled the French nobility was by
a. maintaining standing armies in the countryside to crush noble
uprisings.
b. requiring the presence of the major noble families at Versailles for
at least part of the year.
c. periodically visiting the nobility in order to check on their
activities.
d. forcing them to participate in a parliamentary assembly.
14. European expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was
promoted by
a. the secularization of society which placed new emphasis on economic
activity.
b. Italian merchants who wished to increase their profits by
eliminating the Muslim middlemen.
c. a decline in population, which required the importation of large
numbers of slaves from Africa and the Americas.
d. the greater cooperation that existed among nations that combined
their efforts in exploration.
15. Portugal was the first nation to undertake voyages of
exploration, because
a. it was one of the most populous and prosperous nations in western
Europe.
b. although it had a long coastline, it had never been able to derive
any wealth from the sea.
c. political turmoil and division at home forced many people to seek
their fortunes elsewhere.
d. the government sponsored voyages, partly out of a crusading spirit.
16. Columbus's discovery made Spain a wealthy and powerful nation
because
a. the Portuguese were displaced in the valuable trade with the East
Indies.
b. he found a source of the precious spices that were in such great
demand in Europe.
c. those who followed him, like CortŽs and Pizarro, found great
quantities of precious metals.
d. the Spanish made use of the wealth of the New World to develop trade
and industry at home.
17. The Atlantic slave trade was stimulated by
a. a new belief in the racial superiority of whites.
b. the success Europeans had had with Indian labor.
c. a decline in the population of native peoples in the New World.
d. Arab efforts to find new markets for slaves.
18. The English civil war resulted in
a. the execution of Charles I and the rule of Oliver Cromwell
b. the conquest of England by France, as a result of English
weakness
c. the conquest of England by Spain
d. the conversion of the English to Protestantism
19. Henry the Navigator
a. discovered the sea route to India
b. was the king of Portugal who promoted voyages of
discovery
c. established a center for navigational development at
Sagres
d. was the first person to sail around the tip of Africa
20. The primary goal of mercantilism was:
a. Control of monopolies
b. Increase national revenue and economic power
c. To replace the Muslim and Venetian middlemen in trade with the
East
d. Establish bases in a far-flung trading empire
21. In
1640 Charles I called Parliament into session
because he
22. European monarchs
initiated overseas voyages for which reasons?
a. to widen their
power at the expense of the nobility
b. to prove that the
earth was round instead of flat
c. to realize financial profits and spread
Christianity
d. to satisfy their
curiosity about foreign lands
23. Christopher Columbus
a. sought to prove
the earth was round
b. made only one
voyage to the New World
c. received support
from the king of Portugal
d. underestimated the circumference of the
globe
24. The English civil war was a result of
conflict between the English Parliament and the crown over
a. religious
questions
b. economic
problems
c. the unpopularity
of the Stuart monarchs
d. all of the choices
25. The English civil war resulted in
a. the conversion of
the English to Protestanism
b. the conquest of England
by Spain
c. the execution of Charles I and the rule of
Oliver Cromwell
d. the conquest of England
by France,
as a result of English
weakness
26. The Spanish were the first to
undertake overseas
voyages of exploration and discovery.
True False
27. Huguenots were Protestants living in Spain or England.
True
False
The first indigenous people that the Spanish empire dispossessed of
their lands and forced into labor were the
a. Aztecs b.
Incas c.
Iroquois d.
Maya e. Tainos.
The labor system that compelled Indians to work in Spanish mines and
fields in exchange for protection and Christian conversion was known
as
a. the encomienda
system b. the hacienda.
c.
slavery
d. indentured
servitude
e. the repartimiento system.
Which of the following was not a significant factor in Cortéz's
defeat of the Aztec empire?
a. superior Spanish technology, especially swords, muskets,
cannons, and horses.
b. a devastating smallpox epidemic.
c. the inadequate defenses of Tenochtitlan.
d. the resentment of many indigenous peoples to Aztec rule.
e. All of the above are factors.
How did Portugal gain an empire in Brazil?
a. Portuguese mariners were first to explore the Amazon basin.
b. The Treaty of Tordesillas, designed to divide the Atlantic
between Spain and Portugal, unintentionally granted Brazil to Portugal.
c. Initially, the Spanish had no interest in South America.
d. The Indians of Brazil successfully resisted Spanish invaders.
e. none of the above.
The English settlements in North America grew slowly at first because
a. of the large, densely populated Indian communities that
dominated the coast.
b. the first English settlements did not prepare sufficient food
crops.
c. the colonies did not produce commodities that Europeans were
eager to buy.
d. the English government did not support or protect the
colonies.
e. all of the above.
A mestizo is
a. a person born in Spain who immigrated to the New World.
b. a person of Spanish descent born in the New World.
c. a person of mixed Spanish and Indian descent.
d. a person of mixed African and Indian descent.
e. a person of mixed Spanish and African descent.
The most valuable commodity for the Spanish in the Americas was
a. minerals like silver and gold. b. sugar and
rum. c. tobacco. d.
furs. e. timber.
The agricultural system that dominated the Spanish colonies was known
as
a. subsistence
agriculture b.
the encomienda system.
c.
hacienda
d. plantation-style
slavery
e. repartimiento system.
Which of the following was not a typical result of the North American
fur trade?
a. intense competition and even warfare between indigenous
peoples for European trade.
b. intense competition between French, Dutch, and English fur
traders.
c. the decimation of the beaver population in North America.
d. hostile relations between European traders and Native
American trappers.
e. the introduction of European manufactured goods to indigenous
peoples.
Indentured servants who worked off their contracts in the colonies
often
a. returned disappointed to Europe.
b. became wealthy plantation-owners.
c. became active in the politics of the colonies.
d. became artisans or small farmers.
e. remained in debt for many years.
First European to reach the Pacific
Ocean
Defeated the Aztecs
First European to reach the southern
tip of Africa
First Tudor monarch (1485)
Last Tudor monarch
(1603)
Ordered the Armada against England
Conqueror of Incas
First to circumnavigate the globe
Established a school for sailors at Sagres
Line of Demarcation
Italian who explored the North coast of America
Water route to Asia through Canada
Expelling the Jews and Moslems from Spain
The "Great Elector"
Sovereignty embodied in the ruler
Louis XIV's Controller of Finance
Established absolutism for Louis XIII
Government economic policies for the regulation of the
state
Created Versailles
Lord Protector of England
Restored the English monarchy to Charles II
Author of Leviathan
Belief that a monarch's power is derived from God
First Stuart monarch
Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution
Romanov czar who westernized
Glossary
A, B, C
absolutism -- form of government in which sovereignty is
vested in a single person, the king or queen; absolute monarchs in the
16th and 17th centuries based their authority on the theory of the
divine right of king - i.e. that they had received their authority from
God and were responsible only to Him.
system of ruling were monarchs reduced the political power of the
landlord nobility as they gained and monopolized their own political
power.
Absolute monarchy or absolutism meant that the sovereign power
or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who
claimed to rule by divine right. But what did sovereignty mean? Late
sixteenth century political theorists believed that sovereign power
consisted of the authority to make laws, tax, administer justice,
control the state's administrative system, and determine foreign
policy. These powers made a ruler sovereign.
Atlantic slave trade forced migration of millions of Africans to
work in servitude during the eighteenth century.
Bill of Rights passed in 1689, it affirmed Parliament's
right to make laws and levy taxes and made it impossible for kings to
oppose or do without Parliament by stipulating that standing armies
could only be raised with the consent of Parliament.
Bossuet - One of the chief theorists of divine-right
monarchy was the French theologian Bishop Jacques Bossuet
(1627-1704), who expressed his ideas in a book entitled Politics
Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture. Bossuet argued that
govemment was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an
organized society. Of all forms of gov ernment, monarchy was the most
ancient and the best since God established kings and through them
reigned over all the peoples of the world. Since kings received their
power from God, their authority was absolute. They were re sponsible to
no one (including parliaments) except God. However, although a king's
authority was absolute, his power was not since he was limited by the
law of God.
bourgeoisie well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups
/ the middle class, a group that included the merchants,
industrialists, bankers and professionals such as lawyers, holders of
public offices, doctors, and writers. / Under the old regime,
anyone who lived in an urban area was a bourgeois or member of the
bourgeoisie, but the term was usually applied only to wealthier people
who did no manual labor. Bourgeois were also those who lived from their
invested income or property, constituting a distinct social category
that had its own representation in municipal politics. After the
Revolution, the term “bourgeoisie” became associated with the concept
of a capitalist social class. In the nineteenth century, most notably
in the work of Karl Marx and other socialist writers, the French
Revolution was described as a bourgeois revolution in which a
capitalist bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal aristocracy in order to
remake society according to capitalist interests and values, thereby
paving the way for the Industrial Revolution.
John Cabot (Caboto) a Venetian seaman who explored the New
England coastline of the Americas under a license from King Henry VII
of England. Italian explorer who led the English expedition in
1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the
coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland.
Jacques Cartier (1491 - 1557) was a French explorer of
Canada. François I chose him to find "certain
islands and lands where it is said there are great quantities of gold
and other riches". In 1534 he set sail looking for a western passage to
Asia. He explored parts of what are now Newfoundland and the Canadian
Maritimes and where he learned of a river further west (the St.
Lawrence River) that he believed might be the much searched-for northwest passage.
Samuel de Champlain (c. 1567 - 1635) was a French
explorer of the Saint Lawrence River and of the Eastern seaboard of the
United States. Samuel de Champlain settled in New France and in 1608
founded Quebec City,
Christopher Columbus an Italian explorer who worked for
the queen of Spain. He was convinced that one could reach Asia simply
by sailing west, but in the process began the invasion of the New World
in 1492.
constitutionalism implies a balance between authority and
power of the government on the one hand, and on the other hand the
rights and liberties of the subject or citizen; also the limitation of
government by law and the rule of law; a constitution may be unwritten
(British and Canadian) or written (American).
constitutional monarchy a monarchy were the king remains head of
state but all lawmaking power goes to the hands of another governing
body such as the National Assembly.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (ca. 1510-1554)
was a Spanish conquistador, who in 1540-1542 visited New Mexico and
other parts of the southwest of the United States.
Hernan Cortes also known
as Hernando Cortes; sometimes also known as Cortez,
conquered Mexico for Spain. In 1519 Cortés set
out from Cuba with 11 ships, 500 men, and 15 horses. Local Indians
greeted him with gifts of food, feathers, and gold, and told that the
land was ruled by the great lord in the city of Tenochtitlan.
Ambassadors from the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II arrived with additional
gifts. Cortés learned that he was suspected of being
Quetzalcoatl or an
emissary of Quetzalcoatl, a legendary man-god who was predicted to one
day return. Cortés, aided by the advice of his native translator
La
Malinche, decided to take advantage of the Quetzalcoatl myth. Cortes
ordered all his fleet except for one small ship be burned, effectively
stranding the expedition in Mexico. Cortés then lead his band
inland
towards Tenochtitlan.
cottage industry "domestic industry," a stage of rural
industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that
necessarily preceded the emergence of large-scale factory industry.
/ a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers
worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them
by capitalist entrepreneurs.
Oliver Cromwell the creator of the New Model Army, which
was crucial to the success of the revolution during the English Civil
War. Unable to work with Parliament, he came to rely on military force
to rule England.
D, E, F
Vasco da Gama the commander of the Portuguese fleet that
rounded the Cape of Good Hope, crossed the Arabian Sean and reached the
port of Calcutta on May 18, 1498.
Bartholomew Dias
Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the
Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to
Asia)
Francis Drake English
explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the
globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596). In 1577,
Drake sailed to explore the Magellan Strait. Drake raided Spanish ports
on the Pacific as he went. Drake travelled north to seek the Northwest
Passage, but failed and sailed west across the Pacific as far as Java.
Upon his return to England on April 4, 1581 he was knighted by Queen
Elizabeth. Drake was vice admiral in command of the English fleet
(under Lord Howard of Effingham) when they overcame the Spanish Armada
that was attempting to invade England in 1588.
Dutch East India Company (1602-1798) a joint stock company
chartered by the States-General of the Netherlands to expand trade and
promote relations between the Xdutch government and its colonial
ventures. It established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope (1652), and
in the 1630s it paid a return of 35% on investments.
Edict of Fontainebleau an edict issued in 1685 by Louis
XIV that revoked the Edict of Nantes and provided for the destruction
of Huguenot churches and the closing of Protestant schools.
Edict of Nantes (1598) document issued by Henry IV of France
granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists in
150 towns; it helped restore peace in France.
enclosure the idea to enclose individual share of the pastures
as a way of farming more effectively. / in the 18thcentury, the fencing
in of the old open fields, combining many small holdings into large
units that could be farmed more efficiently.
encomienda a system that permitted the conquering
Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as
laborers.
estates orders, the way in which France’s inhabitants were
legally divided - the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.
Fronde series of violent uprisings during the minority of Louis
XIV triggered by oppressive taxation of the common people, ambitions of
the nobles, and efforts of the parlement of Paris (highest French
judicial body) to check the authority of the crown; the last attempt of
the French nobility to resist the king by arms. / a French revolt
against Mazarin that consisted of two parts. The first Fronde of
1648-1649 was led by the nobles of the robe and was ended by
compromise. The second Fronde was led by the nobles of the sword. It
began in 1650 and was crushed by 1652.
G, H, I , J
Henry the Navigator the Portuguese prince who sponsored
the exploration of the coast of Africa.
Hugenots originally a pejorative term for French Calvinists,
later the official title for members of the ‘Reformed religion",
Calvinists.
Jamestown the first permanent English settlement in
America. It was founded in 1607 in modern-day Virginia.
K, L, M
Bartolome de Las Casas a Dominican friar who championed the
Indians and whose publications had much to do with the Spanish
government's abolishment of the encomienda system and increased
protection for the natives.
Ferdinand Magellan the Spanish explorer whose expedition
was the first to circumnavigate the earth.
Maria Theresa the Austrian empress whose changes made the
empire more centralized and bureaucratic for the purpose of
strengthening the Habsburg state. She also enlarged and modernized the
armed forces.
Cardinal Mazarin an Italian who dominated the French
government while Louis XIV was still a child.
mercantilism prevailing economic theory of European nations in
16th and 17th centuries. It rested on the premise that a nation’s power
and wealth were determined by its supply of precious metal which were
to be acquired by increasing exports (paid for with gold) and reducing
imports to achieve domestic self-sufficiency; mercantilism remained the
dominant theory until the Industrial Revelation and articulation of
theory of laissez faire.
the economic health of a nation could be measured by the amount of
precious metal, gold, or silver, which it possessed
mercantilism dictated a favorable balance of trade
each nation tried to achieve economic self-sufficiency
regulated commerce could produce a favorable balance of trade
sea power was necessary to control foreign markets
colonies could provide markets for manufactured goods and sources of
raw material
Adapted from
<http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/%7Egrempel/courses/wc2/lectures/mercantilism.html>
N, O, P
Navigation Acts the result of the English desire to increase
both military power and private wealth, required that goods imported
from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships
with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article
etc.
Peace of Utrecht (1713) series of treaties that ended the War of
the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked
the rise of the British Empire.
Peace of Westphalia (1648) general name of a series of treaties
that concluded the Thirty Years War; recognized the sovereign authority
of 300+ German princes (and thereby the end of the Holy roman Empire as
a viable state); acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces
of the Netherlands; made Calvinism a permissible creed within Germany;
and, by implication, reduced the role of the Roman Catholic Church in
European politics.
Francisco Pizarro Spanish
conquistador In 1531 Pizarro led an expedition to Peru, where he
captured the Inca Atahuallpa and conqured the Incan Empire.
Pragmatic Sanction proclaimed by Charles VI in 1713, it stated
that the Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and were always
to be passed intact to a single heir, who might be female.
putting-out system term used to describe the 18th century rural
industry.
R, S, T
Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII's chief minister from 1624
to 1642, he initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power
of the monarchy. He eliminated the political and military rights of the
Huguenots while retaining their religious ones, making them more
reliable subjects. He crushed conspiracies among the nobility and sent
royal officials to the provinces to execute the orders of the central
government.
serfdom system used by nobles and rulers where peasants were
bound first to the land they worked and then, by degrading obligations
to the lords they served.
Spanish Armada (1588) fleet sent by Philip II of Spain against
England, In his mind a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather
and the English fleet defeated it.
Treaty of Tordesillas an agreement made in 1494 that
divided the newly discovered world between Portugal and Spain.
Practice Tests: These are for other texts, but they cover
similar information.
Civilization in the West Online
A History of Western Society
Western Civilization : Ideas, Politics, and Society
Western Civilization : The Continuing Experiment
The Western Heritage Vol. 2
Western Civilization Practice Exam III Ch. 15 & 16 at
Discovery
You can read the questions, but the program
is malfunctioning and does not grade them.
Shaping of the Modern World
History Page Syllabus