Syllabus Study Guide Ch. 18 - 19
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Ch 18
Louis XVI
Junkers
War of the Austrian Succession
infanticide
Jethro Tull
cottage industry
Catherine the Great
Catherine
and Pugachev
the triangular trade
serfs
Frederick
the Great
Seven
Years' War
Treaty of Paris balance of power
Robert Walpole
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Ch 19
Common Sense
Abbe Sieyes
Edmund Burke
Estates General
National Assembly
Jacobins
Girondists
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
sans
culottes
The Oath of the Tennis Court
Bastille
Committee of Public Safety
Reign
of Terror
Radical
Revolution
Danton
Robespierre
Fall
of Robespierre
The
Guillotine
The Directory
Napoleon
Continental System
Civil Code
Tralfagar
Lord Nelson
Elba
Waterloo
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Practice Questions
Spielvogel
Companion Site Sixth Ed Site
7th Ed.
Practive Quizzes http://apeuro.20m.com/ FrRevc .htm
Matching
French Revolution
Flashcards
http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mckay/western_society/7e/students/flashcards/ch21.html
Flashcards
French Revolution and
Napoleon
French
Revolution
Puzzle
http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/tutor/worldhistory/wh2001/puzzles/wh2001_22.html
French
Revolution
flashcards
/
Chronological
Ordering Exercises
Glossary of the French Revolution
A,B, C,
absolutism -- form of government in which sovereignty is
vested in a single person, the king or queen; absolute monarchs in the
16th and 17th centuries based their authority on the theory of the
divine right of king - i.e. that they had received their authority from
God and were responsible only to Him.
system of ruling were monarchs reduced the political power of the
landlord nobility as they gained and monopolized their own political
power.
Absolute monarchy or absolutism meant that the sovereign power
or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who
claimed to rule by divine right. But what did sovereignty mean? Late
sixteenth century political theorists believed that sovereign power
consisted of the authority to make laws, tax, administer justice,
control the state's administrative system, and determine foreign
policy. These powers made a ruler sovereign.
Bastille a royal armory and state prison. Its fall on
July 14, 1789, quickly became a popular symbol of the triumph of
liberty over despotism. / A medieval fortress-prison in
Paris. Frequently used for the subjects/victims of arbitrary royal
authority, it held only seven prisoners in 1789. The Bastille was a
potent symbol of royal power. It was seized by the Paris crowd on 14
July 1789; this event marked the end of the absolute monarchy and the
beginning of a new era.
Bill of Rights passed in 1689, it affirmed Parliament's
right to make laws and levy taxes and made it impossible for kings to
oppose or do without Parliament by stipulating that standing armies
could only be raised with the consent of Parliament.
bourgeoisie well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups
/ the middle class, a group that included the merchants,
industrialists, bankers and professionals such as lawyers, holders of
public offices, doctors, and writers. / Under the old regime,
anyone who lived in an urban area was a bourgeois or member of the
bourgeoisie, but the term was usually applied only to wealthier people
who did no manual labor. Bourgeois were also those who lived from their
invested income or property, constituting a distinct social category
that had its own representation in municipal politics. After the
Revolution, the term “bourgeoisie” became associated with the concept
of a capitalist social class. In the nineteenth century, most notably
in the work of Karl Marx and other socialist writers, the French
Revolution was described as a bourgeois revolution in which a
capitalist bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal aristocracy in order to
remake society according to capitalist interests and values, thereby
paving the way for the Industrial Revolution.
cabinet system political system where heads of
governmental administrative departments serve as a group to advise the
head of state (Prime Minister). All these ministers are drawn from the
majority party in the legislature (in Britain the House of Commons) and
are responsible to it.
Carlsbad Decrees issued in 1819, these decrees required the 38
German member states to root out subversive idea in their universities
and newspapers.
checks and balances the idea that in government the executive,
legislative and judicial branches would systematically balance each
other and that the government would be checked by the power of the
individual states.
Code Napoleon Napoleon's Civil Code, which recognized the
equality of all citizens before the law, the right of individuals to
choose their professions, religious toleration, and the abolition of
serfdom and feudalism.
Committee on Public Safety a governmental body that sought to
centralize the administration of France more effectively and to
exercise greater control in order to check the excesses of the Reign of
Terror. Faced with war abroad and economic and peasant problems
at home, in 1793 the National Convention handed dictatorial powers to
this 12-man body, chaired by Maximilien Robespierre to restore order.
The Commune -- the Paris Commune emerged as a center of
radical thought and action. In command of the National Guard of the
city, the Commune came to be dominated by the sans-culottes. The
Commune precipitated most of the revolutionary journées (days),
most notably 10 August 1792, which overthrew the monarchy, and 31 May–2
June 1793, which led to the expulsion of the Girondins from the
National Convention. The Paris Commune was a major factor in pushing
the central government toward a policy of Terror.
constitutional monarchy a monarchy were the king remains head of
state but all lawmaking power goes to the hands of another governing
body such as the National Assembly.
D, E, F, G
Declaration of Pillnitz -
August 1791; declaration from Prussia
and Austria announcing that they would intervene militarily in
France as long as they received the support of Spain, England, Holland,
and Russia; they never expected to gain unanimous support, but hoped
the declaration would frighten French radicals. Instead, the prospect
of foreign intervention encouraged French nationalism and fear of
foreign aggression.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen the
charter of basic liberties that reflected the ideas of the French
Enlightenment and also owed much to the American Declaration of
Independence and American state constitutions.
<>Issued August 26, 1789;
the
document included liberal ideas from Enlightenment thinkers such as
John Locke and the Baron de Montesquieu. Noting that liberty is a
natural right of man and that "men are born and remain free and equal
in rights," the document exemplified the idealistic intentions of the
liberal leaders of the revolution.
Directory - As created by the new
constitution written during the moderate 1795 Thermidorian Reaction,
the Directory was the executive branch appointed by the legislative
assembly. After 1797 elections were unfavorable to elements in the
Directory, it orchestrated an overthrow of the assembly and ruled
dictatorially until overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte.
enlightened absolutism the adaptation, albeit varied of
"enlightened" governing into the rule of absolute monarchs often at the
insistence of philosophes.
enlightened absolutism the adaptation, albeit varied of
"enlightened" governing into the rule of absolute monarchs often at the
insistence of philosophes. / an absolute monarchy where the ruler
follows the principles of the Enlightenment by introducing reforms for
the improvement of society, allowing freedom of speech and the press,
permitting religious toleration, expanding education, and ruling in
accordance with reason.
estates orders, the way in which France’s inhabitants were
legally divided - the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.
Estates-General - A
medieval representative institution, not called since 1614, convened by
Louis XVI in 1789 to deal with the financial crisis. The king had to
call the Estates-General into being when the parlements made recording
his tax decree contingent upon a compromise vote in the
Estates-General. The Estates- General consisted of the First
Estate--the clergy; the Second Estate--the nobility; and the Third
Estate--the commoners, ranging from the poorest peasant to the
wealthiest businessman. Voting was one vote per estate, with the first
two Estates usually outvoting the Third Estate. By the eighteenth
century, the Estates-General ceased to adequately reflect French
society.
Girondists a group contesting control of the National
Convention in France named after a department in southwestern France.
/ a moderate faction of the National Convention primarily
representing the
provinces. They came to fear the radical mobs in Paris and were
disposed to keep the king alive as a hedge against future
eventualities.
H, I, J, K, L
Jacobins in Revolutionary France, a political club whose
members were a radical republican group. / members of a nation-wide
network of political clubs that offered radical solutions to France's
problems during the French Revolution.
Joseph II the successor to Maria Theresa, he instituted a
far-reaching reform program, including the abolishment of serfdom, the
abandonment of economic restraints, a new penal code, and complete
religious toleration.
John Locke - Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government and
other works set forth the theory that men form governments,
compromising a degree of their liberty, in order that the government
might protect their lives and property. Locke (1632-1704) argued that a
representative government was the best type because it was bound to the
will of the people. / an 18th century English political
thinker who, while hardly an advocate of political democracy, had ideas
that proved important to both the Americans and the French and were
used to support demands for a constitutional government, the rule of
law, and the protection of rights.
Louis XV - 1715-1774;
great grandson of Louis XIV, took France into a disastrous defeat
in the Seven Years' War (1756- 1763) and drained the French treasury;
attempted to raise money through the sale of offices and lands, but
could not raise taxes against the nobles.
Louis XVI - 1774-1792; inherited
debt problem cause by Louis XV, his grandfather, and added to the
crisis through the expense in the War for American Independence
(1775-1783), and appointed minister after minister to deal with the
financial crisis. Since the problem overwhelmed all who tried to tame
it, Louis was forced to give in to the demands of the Parlement of
Paris
and convene the Estates-General, an action that led directly to the
outbreak of the revolution. Executed in 1793.
M, N, O, P, Q
Maria Theresa the Austrian empress whose changes made the
empire more centralized and bureaucratic for the purpose of
strengthening the Habsburg state. She also enlarged and modernized the
armed forces.
The Baron de Montesquieu an Enlightenment writer whose most
well known work was done in the realm of political theory. Montequieu
sought to classify types of government by the geography and climate to
which they were best suited. His theories on the separation of powers
within a republic were important throughout the next century, as
monarchies were overthrown and republics established throughout Europe.
/ wrote of the importance of governmental checks and balances
created by a means of separation of powers. Much of the program of the
French Enlightenment is contained in his work.
The Mountain. - radical Jacobins - Name of a political faction
during the Terror. The
Mountain, or Montagnards, competed during the Terror against the
Girondins, with both trying to attract the Plain. The Mountain was a
group of deputies from Paris to the National Convention who sat
together on the high benches to the left of the chair’s podium. During
the fall of 1792 and particularly during the trial of the King, this
group emerged as a faction allied with the Commune of Paris and the
popular movement that demanded radical measures, among them the death
of the King.
National Assembly came into being on 17 June 1789,
with the renaming of the Estates-General on the motion of the
abbé Sieyès. The renaming was effectively a claim that
this new body was now sovereign. Initially, it comprised the members of
the Third Estate and a few liberal nobles and clergy. When Louis XVI
rejected the use of violence and ordered recalcitrant deputies to meet
with the National Assembly on 27 June, the National Assembly became
legal without resorting to violence. This body was to function as the
legislative branch of government until the end of September 1791 and
charged itself with writing a constitution. To reflect that mission, it
called itself the National Constituent Assembly.
nobility of the robe the faction of the French nobility
that derived their status from officeholding, a pathway that often
enabled commoners to attain noble rank.
nobility of the sword French nobility that claimed
to be descendants of the original medieval nobility.
Oath of the Tennis Court -
20 July 1789; the Third Estate, locked out of the meeting of the
Estates-General, met at a nearby indoor tennis court and pledged to
remain together until they had drafted and passed a new constitution
guaranteeing a limited monarchy. Following the Tennis Court Oath, the
Third Estate formed the National Assembly.
Pragmatic Sanction proclaimed by Charles VI in 1713, it stated
that the Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and were always
to be passed intact to a single heir, who might be female.
Emelyan Pugachev an illiterate Cossack who welded the
disparate elements of Russian discontent into a mass revolt in 1773.
putting-out system term used to describe the 18th century rural
industry.
R, S T,
Reign of Terror (1793-1794) Robespierre used revolutionary
terror to solidify the home front, in special courts rebels and
"enemies of the nation" were tried for political crimes.
Maximilien
Robespierre - leader of the radical Mountain wing
of the leftist Jacobins. He chaired the Committee of Public Safety and
pursued a planned economy and vigorous mobilization for war. Through
the Reign of Terror, he attempted to silence all enemies of the
revolution in an effort to save France from invasion. Once the
moderates regained power after the Thermidorian Reaction, he was
executed on July 28, 1794.
Jean Jacques Rousseau - (1712-1778), set forth his ideas on
government in his Contrat Social, which depicted a direct democracy in
a small state, governed by the will of the people. / The Social
Contract published in 1762, the work in which Rousseau tried
to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority. The social
contract was basically an agreement on the part of an entire society to
be governed by its general will.
sans-culottes the name for the laboring poor and the petty
traders. Based primarily in the working class areas of Paris, the sans-
culottes, composed of a wide range of artisans from masters to
journeymen, opposed themselves to the educated, well-to-do. Their name,
literally without breeches, indicates the commitment to trousers worn
by the lower classes. Beyond this oppositional stance, these groups
opted for controlled bread prices, small business, and revolutionary
justice if necessary. By 1792 they were a powerful force on the
Parisian scene and politicians required their support.
Second
Treatise of Government - 1688 - John Locke called
for man's equality and argued for the legal overthrow of a despotic
king. It became a foundation for the goals of the moderate elements in
the French Revolution.
separation of powers the idea that despotism could
be avoided
when political power was divided and shared by a variety of classes and
legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges.
serfdom system used by nobles and rulers where peasants were
bound first to the land they worked and then, by degrading obligations
to the lords they served.
Seven Years' War -
1756-1763; the first world war, the Seven Years War involved a
struggle mainly between Britain and France in Europe and through the
colonial world. In America, the French
and Indian War was a part of the Seven Year's War. Led by Louis
XV, the French ultimately lost to the British, resulting in enormous
debts for the French. These expenses made worse an already shaky
financial structure in France, thus contributing to the crisis of debt
that eventually ended in Louis XVI call for the Estates-General in
1789.
The Social Contract -
1762 - Jean Jacques Rousseau organized society around a contract
between the rulers and the ruled, where the former are answerable to
the latter based on the contract. The book's arguments were a key
influence in Maximilien Robespierre's willingness to take every action
in order to secure French society.
Taille - A direct
tax in place under the Old Regime that was intended to raise money to
solve the financial crisis of the government; since, in almost all
cases, nobles were exempt from paying direct taxes, this burden fell
mainly on the poor peasants in the countryside and the working poor in
the cities
Charles Talleyrand was the French representative at the Congress
of Vienna. Talleyrand established an alliance with Britain and Austria
and managed to divide the Allies and prevent the destruction of France.
Thermidorian Reaction a reaction to the Reign of Terror where
middle class professionals reasserted their authority.
Third Estate - A class in
the Estates-General, which held one group vote. The Third Estate
comprised the commoners of France, whether rich merchants or poor
peasants. On June 17, 1789 the Third Estate broke from the
Estates-General and declared itself the National Assembly.
Trafalgar the site of a decisive defeat of a combined
French-Spanish fleet by the British navy in 1805.
Glossary
Practice Tests: These are for other texts, but they cover
similar information.
Civilization in the West Online Ch. 1summary,
sample tests, glossary
A History of Western Society
Western Civilization : Ideas, Politics, and Society
Western Civilization : The Continuing Experiment
The Western Heritage Vol. 2
Shaping of the Modern World
HyperHistory Timeline
The
European Enlightenment Learning
Module by Richard Hooker
The
Radical Stage
Seven
Years' War
Frederick
the Great
Catherine
and Pugachev
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