Syllabus
Guide Ch 20 - 21
Practice Questions
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Industrial Revolution
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Chronological
Ordering Exercises
A, B, C
agricultural revolution the period from the mid-seventeenth
century on in Europe during which great agricultural progress was made
and the fallow was gradually eliminated.
Richard Arkwright the inventor of the water frame, powered
by horse or water, which turned out yarn much faster than cottage
spinning wheels.
bourgeoisie well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups
/ the middle class, a group that included the merchants,
industrialists,
bankers and professionals such as lawyers, holders of public offices,
doctors,
and writers. / Under the old regime, anyone who lived in an urban
area was a bourgeois or member of the bourgeoisie, but the term was
usually
applied only to wealthier people who did no manual labor. Bourgeois
were
also those who lived from their invested income or property,
constituting
a distinct social category that had its own representation in municipal
politics. After the Revolution, the term “bourgeoisie” became
associated
with the concept of a capitalist social class. In the nineteenth
century,
most notably in the work of Karl Marx and other socialist writers, the
French
Revolution was described as a bourgeois revolution in which a
capitalist
bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal aristocracy in order to remake society
according
to capitalist interests and values, thereby paving the way for the
Industrial Revolution.
cabinet system political system where heads of governmental
administrative departments serve as a group to advise the head of state
(Prime Minister). All these ministers are drawn from the majority party
in the legislature (in Britain the House of Commons) and are
responsible to it.
Edmund Cartwright the inventor of the power loom, which
allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of
yarn.
Viscount Castlereagh was the british representative at the
Congress of Vienna. The viscount's main objective at the Congress of
Vienna, was to keep Russia from gaining too much control, and to
strengthen a weak Germany and Italy.
Edwin Chadwick an urban reformer who advocated a system of
modern sanitary reforms consisting of efficient sewers and a supply of
piped water.
Chartism - Radical movement of the 1830s and 40s aimed at
persuading
Parliament to adopt a six-point charter which would have brought about
major
parliamentary reform. William Lovett and Francis Place founded the
London
Working Men's Association. They drew up a reform program and launched
what
they called The People's Charter.
This called for six changes in the Parliamentary system:
Universal Male Suffrage.
Annual Parliaments.
Vote by ballot.
Abolition of the property qualification for MPs.
Payment of MPs.
Equal electoral constituencies.
John Cockerill an aggressive British businessman who
established a highly profitable industrial plant in southern Belgium in
1817.
Combination Acts passed in 1799, these acts outlawed unions
and strikes. Parliamentary Acts passed in 1800 forbidding the formation
of
combinations, or trades unions, and thus outlawing strikes. Repealed in
1824.
The Concert of Europe was organized in 1815 to enforce the
decisions
of the Congress of Vienna. Composed of the Quadruple Alliance:
Russia,
Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain, it worked to establish a balance
of
power, preserving the territorial status quo, and to protect
"legitimate"
governments. The Concert of Europe was an attempt to establish an
international
organization to maintain the peace.
Congress of Vienna a meeting of Russia, Prussia, Austria and
Great Britain to fashion a peace settlement having defeated France. /
The Congress of Vienna was an international conference called in order
to remake Europe after the defeat of Napoleon I. Territorial decisions
were made in the conference that was held in Vienna, Austria, from
September 1814 to June 1815. The goals of the conference were to create
a balance of power that would preserve the peace, re-establish
legitimate governments, and re-establish a conservative order that
would block the liberal ideas of the Revolution.
A Corn Law was first introduced in Britain in 1804, when
the
landowners,
who dominated Parliament, sought to protect their profits by imposing a
duty
on imported corn. During the Napoleonic Wars it had not been possible
to
import corn from Europe. This led to an expansion of British wheat
farming
and to high bread prices. Corn Laws laws were revised in 1815
and prohibited
the importation of foreign grain trade unless the price at home rose to
improbable levels. / A device to keep the cost of wheat and
other
grain artificially high in Britain. The law, passed in 1815 at the end
of
the Napoleonic Wars, allowed the importation of grain free of duty only
when the domestic price reached 80s a quarter. This brought tremendous
suffering
for the poor, but the laws were not repealed until 1846, following a
long
and bitter battle led by the Anti-Corn Law League.
cottage industry "domestic industry," a stage of rural
industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that
necessarily preceded the emergence of large-scale factory industry.
/ a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers
worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them
by capitalist entrepreneurs.
Samuel Crompton the inventor of the so-called mule,
which combined aspects of the water frame and the spinning jenny to
increase the production of yarn.
Cotton gin - Machine perfected in 1793 by American inventor
Eli
Whitney to separate cotton from its seed.
Crystal Palace the location of the Great Exposition in 1851 in
London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron,
both of which were now cheap and abundance. / housed the world's
first industrial fair in 1851.
D, E, F
Decembrist Revolt the rebellion by the military leaders of
the Northern Union against the accession of Nicholas to the Russian
throne in December 1825.
enclosure the idea to enclose individual share of the
pastures as a way of farming more effectively. / in the 18th Century,
the fencing in of the old open fields, combining many small holdings
into large units that could be farmed more efficiently.
Factory Act of 1833 this act limited the factory workday for
children between nice and thirteen to eight hours and that of
adolescents between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours.
Gustave Flaubert the leading novelist of the 1850s and
1860s who perfected the Realist novel in Madame Bovary.
Charles Fourier an early socialist who proposed the
creation of small model communities called phalansteries,
self-contained cooperatives consisting ideally of 1,620 people who
would be communally housed, living and working together for their
mutual benefit.
Frankfurt Assembly - debated issue of Klein [little] or
Gross
[big] Deutschland. In other words, should Austria be included. The
Frankfurt
Assembly of May 1848 was a middle class liberal body that attempted to
write
a constitution for a unified Germany.
G, H, I , J, K, L
Great Famine the result of four years of crop failure in
Ireland, a country that had grown dependent of potatoes as a dietary
staple. / a natural catastrophe occurring in Ireland between
1845 and 1851 after the Irish potato crop was struck by blight due to a
fungus that turned the potatoes black. Over one million died of
starvation and disease, and almost two million emigrated to the United
States and Britain.
Industrial
Revolution
a term used to describe the burst of major inventions and
technical
changes they had witnessed in certain industries. Cotton textiles was
the
key industry early in the Industrial Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle
(1733),
James Hargreaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's
water
frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the
features
of the jenny and the frame, and Edmund Cartwright's power loom
(patented
1783) facilitated an increase in output. Coal and iron in Britain
provided
resources that aided rapid industrial growth.
Industrial
Revolution in Great Britain - /
Eighteenth Century Industrial Revolution
iron law of wages because of the pressure of population
growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level, meaning that
wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.
July Revolution a rebellion that started after Charles X
issued the July Ordinances on July 26, 1830. The edicts imposed rigid
censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly and reduced
the electorate in preparation for new elections.
Handloom weaving had been carried out on the basis of the shuttle
bearing
the yarn being passed slowly from one hand to the other. In 1733 John
Kay patented his flying shuttle that increased the speed of this
process.
laissez faire economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted
private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
Liberalism the principle ideas of which are equality and
liberty, demanded representative government and equality before the law
as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press, freedom of
speech, freedom of assembly and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
Louis-Philippe a cousin of Charles X who became the
constitutional king of France in the wake of the July Revolution.
Luddites handicraft workers who attacked whole factories in
northern England in 1812 and after - smashing the new machines that
they believed were putting them out of work. / Machine breakers
who wrecked looms and fired mills in protest at mechanisation and high
food prices in 1812.
M, N, O
Thomas Malthus the author of Essay on the Principles of
Population, in which he argued that misery and poverty were simply the
inevitable result of the law of nature and that no government or
individual should interfere with its operation.
Prince Klemens von Metternich was the Austrian representative at
the Congress of Vienna and the Austrian minister of foreign affairs
form 1809 to 1848. Metternich was a proponent of conservatism.
Metternich wanted to achieve order in Europe. Metternich's focus was to
restore conservative governments
Monroe Doctrine a guarantee of the independence of new
Latin American nations and a warning against any further European
intervention in the New World.
Napoleon III - Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of
Napoleon I) Elected President of France. Established himself as
dictator.
nationalism French nationalism exploded with a common language
and tradition reinforced by the idea of popular sovereignty and
democracy as the French were stirred by a common loyalty. /
nationalism the idea that each people had its own genius and its
own cultural unity - this cultural unity was self-evident, manifesting
itself especially in a common language, history and territory.
Thomas Newcomen the inventor of the steam pump or
atmospheric engine, in which power was derived from air pressure.
Robert Owen a well-known cotton magnate and social
reformer who helped lead the creation of national unions.
P, Q, R
Peterloo Massacre a protest that took place at Saint Peter’s
Fields in Manchester that was broken up by armed cavalry in reaction to
the revision of the Corn Laws / the name given by
government detractors to the deaths of eleven people after a squadron
of cavalry attacked a crowd of sixty thousand demonstrators at Saint
Peter's Fields in Manchester in 1819.
Poor Law - Laws providing for the relief of poverty which
gradually
replaced charitable responsibilities from the 16th century. The Poor
Law
Amendment Act of 1834 was an attempt to end the provision of relief in
the
community, forcing the needy and destitute into parish workhouses.
putting-out system term used to describe the 18th century rural
industry.
The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political and
economic
revolts in Europe caused by economic recession and abuse of political
power.
Revolutions took place in France, Poland, Germany, Italy, Austria (
Czechslovakia,
Hungary ) and elsewhere.
David Ricardo the author of Principles of Political
Economy, in which he developed his famous iron law of wages.
Rocket the name given to George Stephenson’s effective
locomotive that was first tested in 1830 on the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway at 16 miles per hour.
romanticism a movement that was revolting against classicism
and the Enlightenment, it was characterized by a belief in emotional
exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and
personal life. Romanticism was separate from mainstream Enlightenment
thought in that it placed more emphasis on the emotional side of human
beings, on the virtues of nature, and on the perfectibility of nature.
S, T , U, V, W
Walter Scott the author of Ivanhoe, which tried to evoke
the clash between Saxon and Norman knights in medieval England.
spinning jenny a spinning machine by James Hargreaves in 1765 that
used six to twenty-four spindles mounted on a sliding carriage to spin
a fine thread.
socialism a backlash against the emergence of individualism and
fragmentation of society it was a move towards cooperation and a sense
of community, the key ideas were panning, greater economic equality and
state regulation of property.
steam engine a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698
and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that both burned coal to produce steam
which was then used to operate a pump, although inefficient they were
still used successfully in English and Scottish mines. / Machine
for turning heat into power by means of steam. Heat applied to a boiler
expands water into steam, which is directed into a cylinder where it
acts upon a piston. Newcomen (1712) produced the first practical engine
for draining mines, Watt (1769) introduced major improvements,
including a separate condenser and rotary motion, while Trevithick
(1801) introduced the high pressure engine that led to the locomotive.
George Stephenson built the Rocket, the locomotive used on
the first public railway line.
Charles Talleyrand was the French representative at the Congress
of Vienna. Talleyrand established an alliance with Britain and Austria
and managed to divide the Allies and prevent the destruction of France.
Jethro Tull an Englishman who discovered that using a hoe
to keep the soil loose allowed air and moisture to reach plants and
enabled them to grow better. He also used a drill to plant seeds in
rows instead of scattering them by hand, a method that had lost much
seed to the birds.
Robert Walpole the chief or prime minister to George I and
George II.
water frame a spinning machine by Richard Arkwright that had a
capacity of several hundred spindles and used water power thereby
required a larger and more specialized mill but the thread it spun was
thicker, generally the thread was then spun on a Spinning Jenny to
achieve the desired thickness.
James Watt a Scottish engineer who transformed Newcomen's
engine into a genuine steam engine. / While working at the
Univ. of Glasgow as an instrument maker, Watt was asked to repair a
model of Thomas Newcomen's steam engine. He devised improvements that
resulted in a new type of engine (patented 1769) with a separate
condensing chamber, an air pump to bring steam into the chamber, and
parts of the engine insulated. He also perfected a rotary engine.
Matthew Boulton financed Watt's work and was his partner (1775–80) in
manufacturing the engines. Watt coined the term horsepower.
Workhouse - Building where the poor who were unable to
support
themselves were housed and made to work if able. The 1723 Workhouse Act
stopped
relief being given to the able-bodied who refused to enter the
workhouse. <>
Glossary
Practice Tests: These are for other texts, but
they cover
similar information.
Civilization in the West Online
A History of Western Society
Western Civilization : Ideas, Politics, and Society
Western Civilization : The Continuing Experiment
The Western Heritage Vol. 2