Syllabus
Guide Ch 20 - 21
Practice Quizzes
Spielvogel
Companion Site
6th Ed Site
7th ed Site
http://apeuro.20m.com/ IndRevolutionc
.htm
Industrial Revolution
Flashcards
Map of Industrial
Europe
Matching
<> http://apeuro.20m.com/ Congressc .htm
Flashcards
Congress
Quiz
flashcards /
Chronological
Ordering Exercises
1. A major goal of Metternich at the Congress of Vienna was
a. encouraging the liberal ideals of the French Revolution.
b. including England more fully in continental affairs.
c. crushing the spirit of nationalism, which would disrupt Europe and
pose
a special threat to the Austrians.
d. advancing the goal of his native Austria to establish its hegemony
over
all of Europe.
2. The nations represented at the Congress of Vienna included all of
the
following except
a. Italy. b. France. c.
Prussia.
d. Russia.
3. As a result of the Congress of Vienna, France was
a. not punished at all.
b. punished severely.
c. banished from the community of European nations.
d. treated with moderation.
4. According to David Ricardo's iron law of wages,
a. higher wages always lead to a higher standard of living.
b. higher wages lead to lower birth rates.
c. human beings are motivated by money and nothing else.
d. increased wages only set off a series of events that lead to the
lowering
of wages.
5.According to Thomas Malthus,
a. the poor were not responsible for their own
misery b. the state was the key economic
progress.
c. economics was not subject to scientific
laws
d. population always grows faster than the food supply.
6. The Romantics viewed the Middle Ages as
a. a golden age of religion, harmony, and human passion.
b. a time of unfulfilled potential, as human beings struggled under the
weight
of authority.
c. a dark age filled with dark minds.
d. a past so distant, it was not worth contemplating.
7. The New Poor Law of 1834
a. dramatically improved the condition of the urban poor in Britain.
b. created prison-like workhouses.
c. established the world's first system of unemployment insurance.
d. was seen as a step forward by Britain's poor.
8. The laboring class of industrialized society in the early
nineteenth
century
a. was composed of rural laborers, miners, and city workers.
b. was almost indistinguishable from the middle class because of the
improved
standard of living among the laboring class.
c. was less diverse than the middle class.
d. was made up entirely of rural laborers and miners.
9. The Industrial Revolution affected the social structure by
increasing
the size and importance of the middle class,
a. which was composed exclusively of bankers and factory and mine
owners.
b. the wealthiest of whom sought to distinguish themselves clearly from
the
old aristocracy.
c. which was characterized by the values of work and ambition, but
which
acted sometimes out of materialism and callousness.
d. which, despite its wealth, was never able to gain access to
political
power in the nations of western Europe.
10. In the nineteenth century, cities became
a. political and cultural centers.
b. ghost towns as industry moved to the countryside.
c. an obstacle to industrialization.
d. centers of industry.
11. Among the most important social transformations associated with
the
early stages of industrialization was
a. the increasing support society offered to individuals who were
unemployed
or ill.
b. the breakdown of family, community, and church control over the
lives
of individuals.
c. the collapse of the power and wealth of the old landowning class in
European
society.
d. a shift of the majority of the population, especially in eastern
Europe,
from the country to the city.
12. The first stages of industrial development in England primarily
involved
a. applying steam power to the mass production and transportation of
goods.
b. the application of science to innovative technology in the
production
of goods.
c. making simple changes in manufacturing methods, especially in the
cotton
industry.
d. the development of heavy industry, especially iron and steel.
13. All of the following contributed to Britain's industrialization
except
a. private investors willing and able to support industrial development.
b. a labor supply that was not tied to the land.
c. a tradition of metallurgy and mining.
d. the largest population in Europe.
14. Compared to other countries in western Europe, Britain
a. was wealthier and more populous than France.
b. imposed greater controls on the internal flow of goods than did
Italy
or Germany.
c. offered more opportunity by eliminating many restrictions on
economic
activities.
d. had fewer natural resources than the Netherlands.
15. Industrial development in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries
a. gave Britain an advantage with which no other country was able to
compete.
b. did not take place at the same pace and in the same way in every
country.
c. transformed all of Europe overnight.
d. nearly ended in France during the Revolution, but then advanced
rapidly
because of the stable political and social environment there.
16. In 1848, great revolutions occurred in all of the following
countries
except
a. Prussia. b. Hungary. c.
Italy.
d. Great Britain.
17. A major demand of the English Chartists was for
a. universal male suffrage.
b. improved
prison
conditions.
c. tariff protection for poor farmers.
d. government-sponsored cooperative workshops.
18. Which of the following statements about the peace settlement
worked
out at the Congress of Vienna is true?
a. It was harsh toward the defeated French and rejected the restoration
of
the Bourbon monarchy.
b. France gained a few colonies in addition to territories it had
conquered
in Italy, Germany, and the Low Countries.
c. Belgium and Holland were united, and Prussia received territory on
France's
eastern border.
d. Russia lost some western territory to Poland.
19. The British Corn Laws were passed to give economic advantage to
the
a. landed aristocracy. b. middle
class c.
urban working class. d. agricultural workers.
20. For women, the Industrial Revolution
a. provided a greater chance of economic equality with men.
b. discouraged marriage and children.
c. provided new career opportunities in high-level jobs.
d. caused them to be confined to low-paying, dead-end jobs
21. The industrial development of continental Europe was delayed by
a. a lack of resources.
b. the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars.
c. a shortage of capital
d. a labor shortage.
22. The growth of the railroad caused all of the following except
a. a reduction in the cost of overland
freight
b. an increase in the demand for cottage industry goods.
c. the growth of a class of urban
workers
d. the widening of markets.
23. The national workshops established under the Provisional
Government
of 1848
a. allowed French workers to seize control of the 1848
revolution.
b. were dissolved leading to a brief insurrection of Parisian
workers.
c. produced finished products that improved French foreign trade.
d. solved chronic problems of unemployment in France.
24. Because the continent industrialized later, it
a. could never make up the gap in
development
b. became an economic colony of Britain.
c. benefited from the example of
Britain
d. lagged farther and farther behind Britain.
25. Which of the following is not a reason that the Industrial
Revolution
first occurred in Britain?
a. water resources and transportation
b. the largest population of any European country
c. abundant mineral resources
d. effective infrastructure
<>The European population
explosion of
the nineteenth
century
a. is
mainly explained by the increased birthrates across Europe.
b.
was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western
Europe.
c.
was due to the lack of emigration.
d.
was due to increased immigration.
e.
occurred despite the preponderance of major epidemic diseases.
<>The only European country with a
declining
population in the nineteenth century was
a. Russia. b. Italy. c. Austria. d.
France. e. Ireland.
<>Urbanization in the first half
of the
nineteenth
century
a.
was more dramatic for the Continent than Great Britain.
b.
caused over fifty percent of the Russian population to live in cities
by 1850.
c.
was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.
d.
accounted for widespread poverty in rural areas of Europe.
e.
reduced the cost of the central governments.
<>Which of the following
statements best
applies to
urban life in the early nineteenth century?
a.
Government intervention prevented consumer fraud and food adulteration.
b. A
tremendous decline in urban death rates accounted for the increased
population
of most large cities.
c. Lower-class
family dwellings were on the whole much better than in the countryside.
d. Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the
city authorities’ reluctance to take responsibility for public health.
e. Modern urban planning began in the city of London in the 1850s
<>Demographic
changes
that resulted from
industrialization saw
a.
the aristocracy move from cities to escape the ill effects of factory
development.
b.
the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban
poor.
c.
laboring classes become more affluent and varied in their places of
residence.
d.
rich and poor more commonly living together in new suburban housing
developments.
<>Edwin Chadwick
a.
was a leader in expressing the dislike of the middle class for the
working
poor.
b.
wrote the Treatise on the Iron Law of Wages.
c.
advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain’s first Public
Health Act.
d.
was representative of the new entrepreneurial, industrial class.
e.
opposed any and all government involvement in economic and social
issues.
<>The new social class of
industrial
workers in the
early Industrial Revolution
a.
did not include women at all.
b. worked under appallingly dangerous conditions for
incredibly long hours at the mercy of profit-maximizing bosses.
c.
excluded children from factory work.
d.
unionized and achieved a good amount of political power.
e.
demanded a socialist economic system.
<>One of the primary reasons for
the use
of children
as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution was
a. a
lack of compulsory education laws.
b. low-paid
children could more easily move around large industrial equipment.
c.
there was an overabundance of children in society.
d.
poor parental supervision.
e.
lack of educational and professional opportunities.
<>The Industrial Revolution’s
effect on
the standard
of living
a.
especially benefited the middle classes.
b.
led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes
in
society.
c.
eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the
working
classes.
d. a
and c
e.
all the above
<>The Chartist
movement in Britain
a.
was the skilled craftsmen’s attempt to destroy industrial machinery.
b. gave millions of working-class men and women a
sense of working-class consciousness.
c.
coerced Parliament into instituting universal male suffrage.
d.
led to violent revolution.
<>The People’s Charter demanded
all of
the following
except:
a.
universal male suffrage.
b.
the elimination of property qualifications for members of Parliament.
c.
payment for members of Parliament.
d.
the establishment of a republic and the abolition of the monarchy.
e.
annual sessions of parliament.
<>
The Luddites
<>a.
received little support in their areas of activity.
b.
destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
c.
were composed of the lowest unskilled workers in Great Britain.
d.
was the first movement of working-class consciousness of the Continent.<>
<>The initial application of
machinery
to production in
the United States
was
a.
entirely the result of American inventors and inventions.
b. by
borrowing from Great
Britain.
c. by learning from the mistakes made
in France
and doing the opposite.
d. to
use only adult males as factory workers.
e. to
employ slaves in the new southern cotton mills.
<>One of the chief reasons why
Europe
initially lagged
behind England
in industrialization was a lack of
a.
banking facilities
b.
roads and means of transportation c.
manpower
d.
capital for investment
<>To keep their industrial
monopoly, Britain
attempted to
a.
export fewer goods to continental countries.
b.
prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.
c.
limit financial investment overseas.
d.
increase tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods.
e.
permanently dismantle its empire.
True-False:
The eighteenth
century
agricultural revolution in Britain
reduced the cost of food, thus giving the British extra income to
purchase
items produced by the Industrial Revolution.
The British government
played a significant role in Britain’s
industrialization by providing subsidies for most industries and
funding a
transportation network of canals and railroads.
<>
The
world’s first
industrial fair was held in Paris
in 1851, commemorating the rebuilding the city under the leadership of
Emperor
Napoleon III.
<>
In
Britain,
the Industrial Revolution
was built upon the coal and iron of heavy industry, while
industrialization on
the Continent was led by the cotton industry.
The newly
industrialized
European nations actively encouraged industrialization in their
colonies, such
as the British did in India,
believing that more production would reduce the cost of goods thus
satisfying
domestic consumers.
<>As late as 1850, the
actual areas of industrialization were small and decentralized,
particularly on
the Continent, and were described by one author as “islands in an
agricultural
sea.”
One of the
handicaps in
dealing with urban slums, with their poverty and diseases, was that,
because of
a belief in laissez-faire, there were no government commissions that
explored
the problems during the entire nineteenth century.
Many of Britain’s
industrial entrepreneurs
were Quakers and other religious minorities, in part because they were
excluded
from many public positions and lacked opportunities other than in the
new
industrial capitalism.
<>At
the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian representative Prince Metternich
pursued
the policy of legitimacy,
meaning
a. he wished to legitimate the
French defeat.
b. he sought legitimate control over
central Europe to benefit Austria.
c. he endeavored to restore
legitimate monarchs on their thrones and to preserve traditional
institutions
and values.
d. he sought legitimate proof of England's
economic and industrial support of Austria.
e. he demanded that the state
churches, Catholic or Protestant, become the primary rulers throughout
all of Europe.
<>After Napoleon’s defeat, the
Quadruple
Alliance
a. sent troops to sack Paris.
b. restored the old Bourbon monarchy
to France
in the person of Louis XVIII.
c. returned Corsica
to Italian control.
d. delivered an ultimatum to the
pope demanding full control over all of Italy.
e. declared war against the Ottoman Empire
<>The Congress of Vienna
a. gave Prussia
complete control over
Polish lands.
b. created policies that would
maintain the European balance of power.
c. failed to achieve long-lasting
peace among European nations.
d. treated France
leniently following
Napoleon’s One Hundred Days.
e. sanctioned the political power of
the bourgeoisie.
<>The
Congress of Vienna
was most successful at
a. ending the political domination
of the Holy Alliance.
b. thwarting Britain’s
attempts to intervene and crush
revolts in Italy
and Spain.
c. crushing the colonial revolts in Latin
America.
d. establishing an order that
managed to avoid a general European conflict for almost a century.
e. preserving the gains of the
revolutionary era.
<>The most important factor in
preventing the European overthrow of the newly
independent nations of Latin America was
a. European economic collapse
b. the Monroe Doctrine guiding
American foreign policy.
c. the size of South America.
d. growing power of America
e. British naval power.
<>The
English Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that
a. the poor were entitled to decent
levels of support.
b. the rich had a moral obligation
to support the poor.
c. if the conditions of provision
for state welfare were intentionally made miserable and degrading, then
the
poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment.
d. levels of state support for
social welfare programs should be indexed to the cost of living.
<>The revolution of 1848 in France
ultimately resulted in
a. the continued rule of
Louis-Philippe but with radical reforms.
b. new elections to the national
Assembly, resulting in the dominance of the radical republicans.
c. Europe's
first socialist state under the guidance of Blanc’s workshops.
d. a new French empire under Louis
Napoleon.
e. the triumph of the Paris Commune.
<>Louis Blanc's “national
workshops” in France
a. became a vital part of the French
economy.
b. were extremely important to the
French radical aristocracy.
c. became little more than
unemployment compensation units through public works projects.
d. built many national parks in France.
e. turned the city of Paris into
the “City of Lights.”
<>In 1848, the Frankfurt
Assembly
a. unanimously adopted a Grossdeutsch solution
for the Germanies.
b. succeeded in making Prussia’s
Frederick William IV president of a
united Germany.
c. failed in its attempt to create a
united Germany.
d. gained the support of Austria.
e. declared its solidarity with
revolutionary France.
A, B, C
agricultural revolution the period from the mid-seventeenth
century on in Europe during which great agricultural progress was made
and the fallow was gradually eliminated.
Richard Arkwright the inventor of the water frame, powered
by horse or water, which turned out yarn much faster than cottage
spinning wheels.
bourgeoisie well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups
/ the middle class, a group that included the merchants,
industrialists,
bankers and professionals such as lawyers, holders of public offices,
doctors,
and writers. / Under the old regime, anyone who lived in an urban
area was a bourgeois or member of the bourgeoisie, but the term was
usually
applied only to wealthier people who did no manual labor. Bourgeois
were
also those who lived from their invested income or property,
constituting
a distinct social category that had its own representation in municipal
politics. After the Revolution, the term “bourgeoisie” became
associated
with the concept of a capitalist social class. In the nineteenth
century,
most notably in the work of Karl Marx and other socialist writers, the
French
Revolution was described as a bourgeois revolution in which a
capitalist
bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal aristocracy in order to remake society
according
to capitalist interests and values, thereby paving the way for the
Industrial Revolution.
cabinet system political system where heads of governmental
administrative departments serve as a group to advise the head of state
(Prime Minister). All these ministers are drawn from the majority party
in the legislature (in Britain the House of Commons) and are
responsible to it.
Edmund Cartwright the inventor of the power loom, which
allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of
yarn.
Viscount Castlereagh was the british representative at the
Congress of Vienna. The viscount's main objective at the Congress of
Vienna, was to keep Russia from gaining too much control, and to
strengthen a weak Germany and Italy.
Edwin Chadwick an urban reformer who advocated a system of
modern sanitary reforms consisting of efficient sewers and a supply of
piped water.
Chartism - Radical movement of the 1830s and 40s aimed at
persuading
Parliament to adopt a six-point charter which would have brought about
major
parliamentary reform. William Lovett and Francis Place founded the
London
Working Men's Association. They drew up a reform program and launched
what
they called The People's Charter.
This called for six changes in the Parliamentary system:
Universal Male Suffrage.
Annual Parliaments.
Vote by ballot.
Abolition of the property qualification for MPs.
Payment of MPs.
Equal electoral constituencies.
John Cockerill an aggressive British businessman who
established a highly profitable industrial plant in southern Belgium in
1817.
Combination Acts passed in 1799, these acts outlawed unions
and strikes. Parliamentary Acts passed in 1800 forbidding the formation
of
combinations, or trades unions, and thus outlawing strikes. Repealed in
1824.
The Concert of Europe was organized in 1815 to enforce the
decisions
of the Congress of Vienna. Composed of the Quadruple Alliance:
Russia,
Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain, it worked to establish a balance
of
power, preserving the territorial status quo, and to protect
"legitimate"
governments. The Concert of Europe was an attempt to establish an
international
organization to maintain the peace.
Congress of Vienna a meeting of Russia, Prussia, Austria and
Great Britain to fashion a peace settlement having defeated France. /
The Congress of Vienna was an international conference called in order
to remake Europe after the defeat of Napoleon I. Territorial decisions
were made in the conference that was held in Vienna, Austria, from
September 1814 to June 1815. The goals of the conference were to create
a balance of power that would preserve the peace, re-establish
legitimate governments, and re-establish a conservative order that
would block the liberal ideas of the Revolution.
A Corn Law was first introduced in Britain in 1804, when
the
landowners,
who dominated Parliament, sought to protect their profits by imposing a
duty
on imported corn. During the Napoleonic Wars it had not been possible
to
import corn from Europe. This led to an expansion of British wheat
farming
and to high bread prices. Corn Laws laws were revised in 1815
and prohibited
the importation of foreign grain trade unless the price at home rose to
improbable levels. / A device to keep the cost of wheat and
other
grain artificially high in Britain. The law, passed in 1815 at the end
of
the Napoleonic Wars, allowed the importation of grain free of duty only
when the domestic price reached 80s a quarter. This brought tremendous
suffering
for the poor, but the laws were not repealed until 1846, following a
long
and bitter battle led by the Anti-Corn Law League.
cottage industry "domestic industry," a stage of rural
industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that
necessarily preceded the emergence of large-scale factory industry.
/ a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers
worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them
by capitalist entrepreneurs.
Samuel Crompton the inventor of the so-called mule,
which combined aspects of the water frame and the spinning jenny to
increase the production of yarn.
Cotton gin - Machine perfected in 1793 by American inventor
Eli
Whitney to separate cotton from its seed.
Crystal Palace the location of the Great Exposition in 1851 in
London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron,
both of which were now cheap and abundance. / housed the world's
first industrial fair in 1851.
D, E, F
Decembrist Revolt the rebellion by the military leaders of
the Northern Union against the accession of Nicholas to the Russian
throne in December 1825.
enclosure the idea to enclose individual share of the
pastures as a way of farming more effectively. / in the 18th Century,
the fencing in of the old open fields, combining many small holdings
into large units that could be farmed more efficiently.
Factory Act of 1833 this act limited the factory workday for
children between nice and thirteen to eight hours and that of
adolescents between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours.
Gustave Flaubert the leading novelist of the 1850s and
1860s who perfected the Realist novel in Madame Bovary.
Charles Fourier an early socialist who proposed the
creation of small model communities called phalansteries,
self-contained cooperatives consisting ideally of 1,620 people who
would be communally housed, living and working together for their
mutual benefit.
Frankfurt Assembly - debated issue of Klein [little] or
Gross
[big] Deutschland. In other words, should Austria be included. The
Frankfurt
Assembly of May 1848 was a middle class liberal body that attempted to
write
a constitution for a unified Germany.
G, H, I , J, K, L
Great Famine the result of four years of crop failure in
Ireland, a country that had grown dependent of potatoes as a dietary
staple. / a natural catastrophe occurring in Ireland between
1845 and 1851 after the Irish potato crop was struck by blight due to a
fungus that turned the potatoes black. Over one million died of
starvation and disease, and almost two million emigrated to the United
States and Britain.
Industrial
Revolution
a term used to describe the burst of major inventions and
technical
changes they had witnessed in certain industries. Cotton textiles was
the
key industry early in the Industrial Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle
(1733),
James Hargreaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's
water
frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the
features
of the jenny and the frame, and Edmund Cartwright's power loom
(patented
1783) facilitated an increase in output. Coal and iron in Britain
provided
resources that aided rapid industrial growth.
Industrial
Revolution in Great Britain - /
Eighteenth Century Industrial Revolution
iron law of wages because of the pressure of population
growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level, meaning that
wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.
July Revolution a rebellion that started after Charles X
issued the July Ordinances on July 26, 1830. The edicts imposed rigid
censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly and reduced
the electorate in preparation for new elections.
Handloom weaving had been carried out on the basis of the shuttle
bearing
the yarn being passed slowly from one hand to the other. In 1733 John
Kay patented his flying shuttle that increased the speed of this
process.
laissez faire economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted
private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
Liberalism the principle ideas of which are equality and
liberty, demanded representative government and equality before the law
as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press, freedom of
speech, freedom of assembly and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
Louis-Philippe a cousin of Charles X who became the
constitutional king of France in the wake of the July Revolution.
Luddites handicraft workers who attacked whole factories in
northern England in 1812 and after - smashing the new machines that
they believed were putting them out of work. / Machine breakers
who wrecked looms and fired mills in protest at mechanisation and high
food prices in 1812.
M, N, O
Thomas Malthus the author of Essay on the Principles of
Population, in which he argued that misery and poverty were simply the
inevitable result of the law of nature and that no government or
individual should interfere with its operation.
Prince Klemens von Metternich was the Austrian representative at
the Congress of Vienna and the Austrian minister of foreign affairs
form 1809 to 1848. Metternich was a proponent of conservatism.
Metternich wanted to achieve order in Europe. Metternich's focus was to
restore conservative governments
Monroe Doctrine a guarantee of the independence of new
Latin American nations and a warning against any further European
intervention in the New World.
Napoleon III - Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of
Napoleon I) Elected President of France. Established himself as
dictator.
nationalism French nationalism exploded with a common language
and tradition reinforced by the idea of popular sovereignty and
democracy as the French were stirred by a common loyalty. /
nationalism the idea that each people had its own genius and its
own cultural unity - this cultural unity was self-evident, manifesting
itself especially in a common language, history and territory.
Thomas Newcomen the inventor of the steam pump or
atmospheric engine, in which power was derived from air pressure.
Robert Owen a well-known cotton magnate and social
reformer who helped lead the creation of national unions.
P, Q, R
Peterloo Massacre a protest that took place at Saint Peter’s
Fields in Manchester that was broken up by armed cavalry in reaction to
the revision of the Corn Laws / the name given by
government detractors to the deaths of eleven people after a squadron
of cavalry attacked a crowd of sixty thousand demonstrators at Saint
Peter's Fields in Manchester in 1819.
Poor Law - Laws providing for the relief of poverty which
gradually
replaced charitable responsibilities from the 16th century. The Poor
Law
Amendment Act of 1834 was an attempt to end the provision of relief in
the
community, forcing the needy and destitute into parish workhouses.
putting-out system term used to describe the 18th century rural
industry.
The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political and
economic
revolts in Europe caused by economic recession and abuse of political
power.
Revolutions took place in France, Poland, Germany, Italy, Austria (
Czechslovakia,
Hungary ) and elsewhere.
David Ricardo the author of Principles of Political
Economy, in which he developed his famous iron law of wages.
Rocket the name given to George Stephenson’s effective
locomotive that was first tested in 1830 on the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway at 16 miles per hour.
romanticism a movement that was revolting against classicism
and the Enlightenment, it was characterized by a belief in emotional
exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and
personal life. Romanticism was separate from mainstream Enlightenment
thought in that it placed more emphasis on the emotional side of human
beings, on the virtues of nature, and on the perfectibility of nature.
S, T , U, V, W
Walter Scott the author of Ivanhoe, which tried to evoke
the clash between Saxon and Norman knights in medieval England.
spinning jenny a spinning machine by James Hargreaves in 1765 that
used six to twenty-four spindles mounted on a sliding carriage to spin
a fine thread.
socialism a backlash against the emergence of individualism and
fragmentation of society it was a move towards cooperation and a sense
of community, the key ideas were panning, greater economic equality and
state regulation of property.
steam engine a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698
and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that both burned coal to produce steam
which was then used to operate a pump, although inefficient they were
still used successfully in English and Scottish mines. / Machine
for turning heat into power by means of steam. Heat applied to a boiler
expands water into steam, which is directed into a cylinder where it
acts upon a piston. Newcomen (1712) produced the first practical engine
for draining mines, Watt (1769) introduced major improvements,
including a separate condenser and rotary motion, while Trevithick
(1801) introduced the high pressure engine that led to the locomotive.
George Stephenson built the Rocket, the locomotive used on
the first public railway line.
Charles Talleyrand was the French representative at the Congress
of Vienna. Talleyrand established an alliance with Britain and Austria
and managed to divide the Allies and prevent the destruction of France.
Jethro Tull an Englishman who discovered that using a hoe
to keep the soil loose allowed air and moisture to reach plants and
enabled them to grow better. He also used a drill to plant seeds in
rows instead of scattering them by hand, a method that had lost much
seed to the birds.
Robert Walpole the chief or prime minister to George I and
George II.
water frame a spinning machine by Richard Arkwright that had a
capacity of several hundred spindles and used water power thereby
required a larger and more specialized mill but the thread it spun was
thicker, generally the thread was then spun on a Spinning Jenny to
achieve the desired thickness.
James Watt a Scottish engineer who transformed Newcomen's
engine into a genuine steam engine. / While working at the
Univ. of Glasgow as an instrument maker, Watt was asked to repair a
model of Thomas Newcomen's steam engine. He devised improvements that
resulted in a new type of engine (patented 1769) with a separate
condensing chamber, an air pump to bring steam into the chamber, and
parts of the engine insulated. He also perfected a rotary engine.
Matthew Boulton financed Watt's work and was his partner (1775–80) in
manufacturing the engines. Watt coined the term horsepower.
Workhouse - Building where the poor who were unable to
support
themselves were housed and made to work if able. The 1723 Workhouse Act
stopped
relief being given to the able-bodied who refused to enter the
workhouse.
Glossary
Practice Tests: These are for other
texts, but
they cover
similar information.
Civilization in the West Online
A History of Western Society
Western Civilization : Ideas, Politics, and Society
Western Civilization : The Continuing Experiment
The Western Heritage Vol. 2