Syllabus  

                          Guide Ch 20 - 21

Ch 20
Jethro Tull
cottage industry
Richard Arkwright
Edwin Chadwick
Eli Whitney
child labor
Corn Laws
The Irish Famine

British Industrial Revolution
John Kay
James Hargreaves
Samuel Crompton
Edmund Cartwright
Thomas Newcomen
James Watt

George Stephenson
Stephenson's Rocket
First Locomotives
Robert Fulton
 
Samuel Slater
Francis Cabot Lowell
Boston Manufacturing
Punishment in Factories
Edwin Chadwick
Robert Owen
Chartism

Chartist Movement
Charles Dickens
Factory Pollution
1833 Factory Act
Reform Acts


Ch 21

Congress of Vienna
Metternich
Conservatism
Concert of Europe

Talleyrand 
Louis XVIII
Charles X
Louis Blanc
June Days
Louis Philippe
Thomas Malthus

David Ricardo
Peterloo Massacre
Alexander I
Reform Bill of 1832
Louis Blanc
Socialism
Mazzini 
Risorgimiento
Louis Kossuth
anti Corn Law League
revolutions of 1848
Frankfurt Assembly
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Alexander I
Decembrist Revolt
Liberalism
Nationalism
Tory
Whig

Romanticism
Mary Shelley


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 http://apeuro.20m.com/ IndRevolutionc .htm
  Industrial Revolution
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 http://apeuro.20m.com/ Congressc .htm   
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    flashcards     /      Chronological Ordering Exercises


A, B, C
agricultural revolution the period from the mid-seventeenth century on in Europe during which great agricultural progress was made and the fallow was gradually eliminated.

Richard Arkwright  the inventor of the water frame, powered by horse or water, which turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels. 

bourgeoisie well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups /  the middle class, a group that included the merchants, industrialists, bankers and professionals such as lawyers, holders of public offices, doctors, and writers.  / Under the old regime, anyone who lived in an urban area was a bourgeois or member of the bourgeoisie, but the term was usually applied only to wealthier people who did no manual labor. Bourgeois were also those who lived from their invested income or property, constituting a distinct social category that had its own representation in municipal politics. After the Revolution, the term “bourgeoisie” became associated with the concept of a capitalist social class. In the nineteenth century, most notably in the work of Karl Marx and other socialist writers, the French Revolution was described as a bourgeois revolution in which a capitalist bourgeoisie overthrew the feudal aristocracy in order to remake society according to capitalist interests and values, thereby paving the way for the Industrial Revolution.

cabinet system political system where heads of governmental administrative departments serve as a group to advise the head of state (Prime Minister). All these ministers are drawn from the majority party in the legislature (in Britain the House of Commons) and are responsible to it.

Edmund Cartwright  the inventor of the power loom, which allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of yarn. 
Viscount Castlereagh was the british representative at the Congress of Vienna. The viscount's main objective at the Congress of Vienna, was to keep Russia from gaining too much control, and to strengthen a weak Germany and Italy.

Edwin Chadwick  an urban reformer who advocated a system of modern sanitary reforms consisting of efficient sewers and a supply of piped water. 

Chartism - Radical movement of the 1830s and 40s aimed at persuading Parliament to adopt a six-point charter which would have brought about major parliamentary reform. William Lovett and Francis Place founded the London Working Men's Association. They drew up a reform program and launched what they called The People's Charter.

This called for six changes in the Parliamentary system:
Universal Male Suffrage.
Annual Parliaments.
Vote by ballot.
Abolition of the property qualification for MPs.
Payment of MPs.
Equal electoral constituencies.

John Cockerill  an aggressive British businessman who established a highly profitable industrial plant in southern Belgium in 1817. 

Combination Acts passed in 1799, these acts outlawed unions and strikes. Parliamentary Acts passed in 1800 forbidding the formation of combinations, or trades unions, and thus outlawing strikes. Repealed in 1824.

The Concert of Europe was organized in 1815 to enforce the decisions of the Congress of Vienna. Composed of the Quadruple Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain, it worked to establish a balance of power, preserving the territorial status quo, and to protect "legitimate" governments. The Concert of Europe was an attempt to establish an international organization to maintain the peace.

Congress of Vienna a meeting of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain to fashion a peace settlement having defeated France. / The Congress of Vienna was an international conference called in order to remake Europe after the defeat of Napoleon I. Territorial decisions were made in the conference that was held in Vienna, Austria, from September 1814 to June 1815. The goals of the conference were to create a balance of power that would preserve the peace, re-establish legitimate governments, and re-establish a conservative order that would block the liberal ideas of the Revolution.

A Corn Law was first introduced in Britain in 1804, when the landowners, who dominated Parliament, sought to protect their profits by imposing a duty on imported corn. During the Napoleonic Wars it had not been possible to import corn from Europe. This led to an expansion of British wheat farming and to high bread prices. Corn Laws laws were revised in 1815 and prohibited the importation of foreign grain trade unless the price at home rose to improbable levels. /   A device to keep the cost of wheat and other grain artificially high in Britain. The law, passed in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, allowed the importation of grain free of duty only when the domestic price reached 80s a quarter. This brought tremendous suffering for the poor, but the laws were not repealed until 1846, following a long and bitter battle led by the Anti-Corn Law League.

cottage industry "domestic industry," a stage of rural industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that necessarily preceded the emergence of large-scale factory industry. /  a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs. 

Samuel Crompton  the inventor of the so-called mule, which combined aspects of the water frame and the spinning jenny to increase the production of yarn. 

Cotton gin
- Machine perfected in 1793 by American inventor Eli Whitney to separate cotton from its seed.

Crystal Palace
the location of the Great Exposition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron, both of which were now cheap and abundance. /  housed the world's first industrial fair in 1851. 

D, E, F
Decembrist Revolt  the rebellion by the military leaders of the Northern Union against the accession of Nicholas to the Russian throne in December 1825. 

enclosure the idea to enclose individual share of the pastures as a way of farming more effectively. / in the 18th Century, the fencing in of the old open fields, combining many small holdings into large units that could be farmed more efficiently.

Factory Act of 1833 this act limited the factory workday for children between nice and thirteen to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours.

Gustave Flaubert  the leading novelist of the 1850s and 1860s who perfected the Realist novel in Madame Bovary. 

Charles Fourier  an early socialist who proposed the creation of small model communities called phalansteries, self-contained cooperatives consisting ideally of 1,620 people who would be communally housed, living and working together for their mutual benefit. 

Frankfurt Assembly - debated issue of  Klein [little] or Gross [big] Deutschland. In other words, should Austria be included. The Frankfurt Assembly of May 1848 was a middle class liberal body that attempted to write a constitution for a unified Germany.

G, H, I , J, K, L
Great Famine the result of four years of crop failure in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent of potatoes as a dietary staple. /   a natural catastrophe occurring in Ireland between 1845 and 1851 after the Irish potato crop was struck by blight due to a fungus that turned the potatoes black. Over one million died of starvation and disease, and almost two million emigrated to the United States and Britain. 

Industrial Revolution a term used to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they had witnessed in certain industries. Cotton textiles was the key industry early in the Industrial Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle (1733), James Hargreaves's spinning jenny (patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, and Edmund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) facilitated an increase in output. Coal and iron in Britain provided resources that aided rapid industrial growth.

Industrial Revolution in Great Britain - /   Eighteenth Century Industrial Revolution

iron law of wages because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level, meaning that wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.

July Revolution  a rebellion that started after Charles X issued the July Ordinances on July 26, 1830. The edicts imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly and reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections. 

Handloom weaving had been carried out on the basis of the shuttle bearing the yarn being passed slowly from one hand to the other. In 1733 John Kay patented his flying shuttle that increased the speed of this process.

laissez faire economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Liberalism the principle ideas of which are equality and liberty, demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

Louis-Philippe  a cousin of Charles X who became the constitutional king of France in the wake of the July Revolution. 

Luddites handicraft workers who attacked whole factories in northern England in 1812 and after - smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work. /  Machine breakers who wrecked looms and fired mills in protest at mechanisation and high food prices in 1812.

M, N, O
Thomas Malthus  the author of Essay on the Principles of Population, in which he argued that misery and poverty were simply the inevitable result of the law of nature and that no government or individual should interfere with its operation. 

Prince Klemens von Metternich was the Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna and the Austrian minister of foreign affairs form 1809 to 1848. Metternich was a proponent of conservatism. Metternich wanted to achieve order in Europe. Metternich's focus was to restore conservative governments

Monroe Doctrine  a guarantee of the independence of new Latin American nations and a warning against any further European intervention in the New World. 

Napoleon III - Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon I) Elected President of France. Established himself as dictator.

nationalism French nationalism exploded with a common language and tradition reinforced by the idea of popular sovereignty and democracy as the French were stirred by a common loyalty. / nationalism the idea that each people had its own genius and its own cultural unity - this cultural unity was self-evident, manifesting itself especially in a common language, history and territory.

Thomas Newcomen  the inventor of the steam pump or atmospheric engine, in which power was derived from air pressure. 

Robert Owen  a well-known cotton magnate and social reformer who helped lead the creation of national unions. 

P, Q, R
Peterloo Massacre a protest that took place at Saint Peter’s Fields in Manchester that was broken up by armed cavalry in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws /   the name given by government detractors to the deaths of eleven people after a squadron of cavalry attacked a crowd of sixty thousand demonstrators at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in 1819. 

Poor Law
- Laws providing for the relief of poverty which gradually replaced charitable responsibilities from the 16th century. The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 was an attempt to end the provision of relief in the community, forcing the needy and destitute into parish workhouses.

putting-out system
term used to describe the 18th century rural industry.

The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political and economic revolts in Europe caused by economic recession and abuse of political power. Revolutions took place in France, Poland, Germany, Italy, Austria ( Czechslovakia, Hungary ) and elsewhere.

David Ricardo  the author of Principles of Political Economy, in which he developed his famous iron law of wages. 

Rocket the name given to George Stephenson’s effective locomotive that was first tested in 1830 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16 miles per hour.

romanticism a movement that was revolting against classicism and the Enlightenment, it was characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life. Romanticism was separate from mainstream Enlightenment thought in that it placed more emphasis on the emotional side of human beings, on the virtues of nature, and on the perfectibility of nature.

S, T , U, V, W
Walter Scott  the author of Ivanhoe, which tried to evoke the clash between Saxon and Norman knights in medieval England.   

spinning jenny
a spinning machine by James Hargreaves in 1765 that used six to twenty-four spindles mounted on a sliding carriage to spin a fine thread.

socialism a backlash against the emergence of individualism and fragmentation of society it was a move towards cooperation and a sense of community, the key ideas were panning, greater economic equality and state regulation of property.
 
steam engine a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that both burned coal to produce steam which was then used to operate a pump, although inefficient they were still used successfully in English and Scottish mines. /  Machine for turning heat into power by means of steam. Heat applied to a boiler expands water into steam, which is directed into a cylinder where it acts upon a piston. Newcomen (1712) produced the first practical engine for draining mines, Watt (1769) introduced major improvements, including a separate condenser and rotary motion, while Trevithick (1801) introduced the high pressure engine that led to the locomotive.

George Stephenson  built the Rocket, the locomotive used on the first public railway line. 

Charles Talleyrand was the French representative at the Congress of Vienna. Talleyrand established an alliance with Britain and Austria and managed to divide the Allies and prevent the destruction of France.

Jethro Tull  an Englishman who discovered that using a hoe to keep the soil loose allowed air and moisture to reach plants and enabled them to grow better. He also used a drill to plant seeds in rows instead of scattering them by hand, a method that had lost much seed to the birds. 

Robert Walpole  the chief or prime minister to George I and George II. 

water frame a spinning machine by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used water power thereby required a larger and more specialized mill but the thread it spun was thicker, generally the thread was then spun on a Spinning Jenny to achieve the desired thickness.

James Watt
  a Scottish engineer who transformed Newcomen's engine into a genuine steam engine.  /  While working at the Univ. of Glasgow as an instrument maker, Watt was asked to repair a model of Thomas Newcomen's steam engine. He devised improvements that resulted in a new type of engine (patented 1769) with a separate condensing chamber, an air pump to bring steam into the chamber, and parts of the engine insulated. He also perfected a rotary engine. Matthew Boulton financed Watt's work and was his partner (1775–80) in manufacturing the engines. Watt coined the term horsepower.

Workhouse - Building where the poor who were unable to support themselves were housed and made to work if able. The 1723 Workhouse Act stopped relief being given to the able-bodied who refused to enter the workhouse. <>

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