Syllabus
Guide Ch 22 - 23
Ch 22
Louis Napoleon
Baron Haussmann
Crimean War
Count Cavour
Victor Emmanuel II
Garibaldi
Prussia
zollverein
Bismarck
realpolitik
Kulturkampf
Austro-Prussian War
Franco Prussian War
Dual Monarchy
Alexander II
zemstvos
Disraeli
Gladstone
Darwin
Marx
Engels
Pasteur
Lister
Realism
Flaubert
Courbet
Millet
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Ch 23
Alexander Graham Bell
telephone
Thomas Alva Edison
Marconi
Orville and Wilbur Wright
cartels
Singer
sweatshops
mass society
Joseph Lister
Louis Pasteur
Liebknecht
Jean Jaures
Eduard Bernstein
anarchism
Bakunin
Public Health Act of 1875
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Practice Questions
Spielvogel
Companion
Site Sixth Ed Site
7th Ed.
Nationalism quiz
Glossary
Terms
Conservatism - A political and economic philosophy that supported
state intervention in the economy on behalf of the disadvantaged;
supported the maintenance of traditional institutions of privilege in
the name of preservation of tradition and custom that worked in the
past; supported in England by Benjamin Disraeli.
Frankfurt Assembly - May 1848-June 1849. German national
parliament that tried and failed to create a united German state during
the 1848 revolutions. First meeting in May 1848, the convention was
populated by middle class civil servants, lawyers, and intellectuals
dedicated to liberal reform. However, after drawing the boundaries for
a German state and offering the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm, the Kaiser
refused in March 1849, dooming hopes for a united, liberal Germany, and
the Frankfurt assembly dissolved soon after.
Kulturkampf
- "struggle for civilization"; the name given to
Germany's campaign against Catholics and the influence of Catholics in
government in the name of loyalty to the German state; included barring
priests from government office, restricting religious education, and
instituting civil marriage. Eventually the policy caused such concern
from the general population that the Catholic Center party gained a
substantial showing in the Reichstag, forcing the government to back
down
Liberalism - The economic and political
philosophy that opposed state intervention in economic affairs,
supported free trade, competition, and individual initiative as the key
to success; this philosophy was, above all, an attack on privilege, on
the aristocrats, on the Anglican Church; liberals believed that talent
alone should dictate a man's advancement in the world; supported in
England by William Gladstone.
Peace of Paris - 1856; ended the Crimean War; Russia relinquished
its claim as the protector of Christianity in the Ottoman Empire and
the Black Sea was neutralized among all powers; solidified a complete
defeat for Russia.
Realpolitik - The notion that politics must be conducted in terms
of the realistic assessment of power and the self-interest of
individual nation-states, and the pursuit of those interests by any
means, often ruthless and violent ones; used skillfully by Camillo di
Cavour and Otto von Bismarck in their policies toward national
unification.
Risorgimento - "resurgence"; the name given to the movement for
Italian unification because the movement hoped to bring Italy back to
its former ancient glory through unification into one political entity;
succeeded with proclamation of Italian state in 1861, finally completed
with annexation of Rome in 1870.
Serfdom - An institution in Russia and many eastern European
states in which peasants were legally tied to the land that they farmed
and could not leave that land without expressed permission from the
baron or landowner; created an immobile peasantry and a form of
slavery; ended with the Emancipation of 1861.
People
Alexander II - Russian Tsar 1855-1881; known as a reformer for
his Great Reforms program that included changes in education, judicial
matters, military readiness, and expression freedom; issued the
Emancipation edict of 1861 to free the serfs; but his record only shows
him to be a half-hearted reformer, never really interested in
compromising any element of his power; assassinated in 1881 by a
radical because of his lackluster performance as a reformer.
Otto von Bismarck - 1815-1898; German chancellor and architect of
German unification under the Prussian crown; ruthlessly used
realpolitik in his endeavors; instigated fabricated conflicts with
Denmark, Austria, and France to acquire the land he believed should be
part of the German Empire.
Camillo di Cavour - 1810-1861; Sardinian prime minister and
architect of Italian unification under Sardinia's crown; skillfully
used realpolitik and his understanding of international relations to
enhance Sardinia's stature as a European power and use the
French-Austrian conflict to his advantage.
Charles Darwin - 1809-1882; scientist, biologist. Sparked by a
visit to the Galapagos Islands on the HMS Beagle, Darwin published On
the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection in 1859. Darwin's
ideas dramatically affected societal self-conception, challenging the
uniqueness of man and the relation of man to God, spurring the
development of the scientific field of evolution and less scientific
ideas such as Social Darwinism.
Benjamin Disraeli - 1804-1881; leader of the Conservative Party,
dedicated to government intervention and the maintenance of traditional
institutions of privilege for tradition and stability purposes; his
government passed the Factory Act of 1875, setting a maximum of a
fifty-six hour work-week; the Public Health Act, establishing a
sanitary code; the Artisans Dwelling Act, defining minimum housing
standards; and the Trade Union Act, permitting picketing and other
peaceful labor tactics.
Giuseppe Garibaldi - Italian patriot, once Italian unification
seemed possible, after the defeat of
Austria, he led a legion of Italian fighters through the Kingdom of
Naples, liberated province after province to create a unified Italian
state; forced to relinquish his territory to Camillo di Cavour's
Sardinian lands in the name of unification.
William Gladstone - 1809-1898; leader of the Liberal Party in
Great Britain, though he began his career as a Tory; advocate of
the liberal approach to government--no tariffs, free trade, no
government intervention; his government abolished tariffs, cut defense
spending, lowered taxes, kept budgets balanced, reformed the civil
service into a merit-based promotion system, and made elementary
education available to and mandatory for everyone.
Georges Haussmann - 1809-1891; chief architect of the redesigned
Paris under Napoleon III; known for his utter disregard for established
neighborhoods when he redesigned Paris as a home for the upper and
middle class bourgeoisie of France; Haussman's redesigned Paris, known
for its wide boulevards, straight roads, museums, and pristine
arrangement, thus served as the model for countless other cities
throughout the world.
Karl Marx - 1818-1883; German political philosopher and founder
of scientific socialism; published the Communist Manifesto in 1848 and
Das Kapital in 1867.
Giuseppe Mazzini - Italian patriot committed to the
unification of Italy under a liberal democratic government; leader of
the Young Italy organization, a group of Italian youths and
democrats who pledged to work toward a united Italy.
Napoleon III - 1808-1873; Louis Napoleon -- nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte; won in the presidential election in France in
December 1848, but took dictatorial powers on December 2, 1851 and took
the monarchical title; can be considered the first modern politician
due to his mastery of communication and appearances to maintain the
grandeur of France; known for his economic prosperity, rejuvenation of
Paris, and support of Italian unification; defeated in Franco-Prussian
War.
Events
Crimean War - 1853-1856; war that pitted Russia against the
alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of
Sardinia; Russia wanted warm water ports on Black Sea and thus hoped to
take advantage of weakening Ottoman Empire; France and Britain feared
an upset to the balance of power in Europe; emerged as an absolute
military defeat for Russia.
Emancipation of the serfs - 1861; by the Emancipation Edict
offered by Alexander II; ended the institution of serfdom in Russia
after centuries of its use; most probably done because the government
needed an effective pool of men from which it could conscript thousands
into the army; after the defeat in the Crimean War, this was one of the
efforts taken to strengthen the weak Russian military.
Franco-Prussian War - July-September 1870; conflict between
France and Prussia over a fabricated insult allegedly made by the
French ambassador to the Prussia king; Prussia defeated France and her
own territory and took Alsace-Lorraine from France and laid siege to
Paris until the country gave in; overthrew the government and set up a
parliamentary system in Paris.
Sevastopol - 1854-1855; Russia's heavily fortified chief naval
base in the Black Sea, lying on the Crimean peninsula; after just under
one year of constant battle and being under siege by French an British,
the Russian abandoned the fortress, blowing up their fortifications and
sinking their own ships; one example of the harsh battles of the
campaign.
Seven Weeks' War - 1866; war between Prussia and Austria, named
for its very short duration; was a fabricated conflict over
administration of Holstein; complete victory for Prussia; Prussia
gained Holstein and put an end to all Austrian involvement in German
affairs, clearing a major obstacle to German unification.
Practice Tests: These are for other texts, but they cover similar
information.
Civilization in the West Online
A History of Western Society
Western Civilization : Ideas, Politics, and Society
Western Civilization : The Continuing Experiment
The Western Heritage Vol. 2