I. Industrial Society
discoveries resulted in practical
applications
scientific discoveries promoted the
belief that science & industry brought progress
A. New Products and New Markets
1. steel production
a. used in
railroad and building construction, ships, machinery
b. allowed
movement of people and goods quickly and cheaply
c. steam power
used river boats applied to ocean steamers
steam ships transported goods and people faster and cheaper
d. refrigeration
allowed transportation of perishable goods
e. Suez and
Panama Canals helped speed transportation
f. capital
was available for investment in other European countries
& in the U. S. -- ex. railroads, cattle
g. trade in
Asia increased
2. chemicals - textiles, soap,
paper, dyes, photographic processing
3. electricity - lighting, telephones
a. Edison
Biography - Edisonia
sound recordings, early Kinetoscope films
Edison Antique Electric
Museum
Early Light Bulbs
b. Samuel
Morse
Samuel
Morse Biography
first transatlantic cable laid, stretching from Ireland to Eastern Canada
(1866)
c. Alexander
Graham Bell
Alexander
Graham Bell's Path to the Telephone
d. 1895:
Marconi's Invention
Surfing
the Aether : a history of radio
e. Gottlieb Daimler - internal combustion engine (1886)
Henry Ford - assembly line production
The
Unfolding Industrial Revolution Power
Point presentation
Henry
Ford and the Moving Assembly Line
Ford
history
f.
Frederick
Winslow Taylor introduced scientific management
to business
The Principles of Management (1911)
g. Orville
Wright
Wilbur
Wright
The
Wright Story
History
of the Airplane
h.
Department Stores
Aristide Boucicaut opened Bon Marche - the first department store
lower prices
catalog sales
Sears
and Roebuck Company Plant
Advertising
4. industrial expansion depended on
growth of markets
or convincing
consumers to purchase new products
a. electric
lights
b. sewing
machines - Isaac Singer
About
the Singer Sewing Machine
c. bicycles
- inexpensive transportation
Amazing Bicycle
History
The Bicycle Museum
of America 1810-1895
d. typewriters
- needed for increasing volume of paperwork
new jobs for women
5. increased production allowed a
reduction in prices making goods
available
to the working class
a. advertising
b. department
stores
B. New Patterns in an Industrial Economy
1. Germany
a. advances
in production of chemicals and electrical equipment
b. encouraged
technical education
c. applied
industrial innovations
d. growth
of cartels
2. England
3. the U.S.
a. large numbers
of immigrants crowded into cities
b. many sought
economic opportunities, some came looking for freedom
c. Italians,
Russian Jews, Poles,
d. craftsmen
pushed aside by industrialization, peasants, small landowners
e. many were
young, often unmarried
f. provided
large labor pool for expanding industries
g. some returned
home
C. Women and Work
1. The
Cult of Domesticity and True Womanhood
Introduction
to a Victorian Woman's World
2. sweatshops
The
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
3. typists
4. secretaries/file clerks
5. sales clerks
6. prostitution
D. Organizing the Working Classes
1. Wilhelm Liebknecht abd August Bebel
- German Social Democratic Party
2. Jean Jaures (1859-1914)
3. Second International formed (1889)
4. Eduard
Bernstein
Evolutionary
Socialism (1909)
a. revised Marxist'
theories
b. standard of living
began to rise slowly
c. unions were legalized
slowly across Europe
d. moved away from
the idea that class warfare was inevitable
e. believed workers
should organize political parties
f. used their influence
to promote programs to move toward socialism
g. socialist movements
began to reflect nationalism
Anarchism
Michael Bakunin
Bakunin's
Anarchism 1867-1873
E. The Emergence of Mass Society
1. population growth
more than
double between 1800 and 1900
2. the urban environment
continuing movement to cities - seeking employment
health and living conditions slowly improving
Britain - Public Health Act of 1875
sewage systems
Britain
- Housing Act 1890
town councils empowered to raise taxes for low income housing
3. Social structure
aristocracy and upper middle class - 5% of the population
bankers, and industrialists joined the upper class
middle class - professionals, lawyers, civil servants, merchants
the lower classes - peasants, laborers, factory workers - 80% of the pop.
education, income, and intrests varied from country to country
4. The Role of Women
a.
the middle class family
b. the
working class family
5. public education
a. primary
education developed between 1870 and 1914
b. industrialists
needed trained workforce
c. middle
class wanted to instill ideas of hard work, respect for authority,
sobriety, cleanliness
d. increase
in literacy
newspapers, magazines, Dime
Novels
Pulp
History
Pulp
History
6. mass leisure
a. amusement
parks
b. dance
halls
c. sports
English Football Association (1863)
d. motion
pictures
A History of Photography
George Eastman
Louis and Auguste Lumiere (France)
First public showing of movies - Paris (Dec. 28, 1895)
Nickelodeons
Nickelodeon:
The Five Cent Daydream
Biograph
American
Memory Collections
Cinemarquee
Silent
Movies
The
Silents Majority
The
Glorious Poster Image
Hollywoodland
Classic
Movies at the Mining Co.
e. tourism
for the wealthy
F. The National State
1. England
William
Gladstone
1884
Reform Act
1885
Redistribution Act
Economic and Social Reforms in Britain
1. Factory Laws
a. 1833
Factory Act - forbade employment of children under 9
9-13 could work no more than 9 hours a day
b. the idea that
the state could act to protect workers
Manchester's
Children Factory Committee
1844 Factory
Act
1847 Factory
Act
2. Improvements in Education
a. believed education
would help maintain social order and
reduce poverty, crime, and superstition
b. 1870
Education Act - elementary schools
3. Workers responses to industrialization
a. workers disliked
being replaced by machines
b. Luddites
1811 - 12 took direct action
4. Beginning of Labor Unions
Combination
Acts
a. labor unions
- organizations designed to represent workers' interests
b. 1825
Combination Act - Parliament passed
law to allow workers to
form unions but not to strike
5. Unions and politics
a. Liberal
Party - won elections to control Parliament
in 1906
William
Gladstone
b.
Labour
Party
reform bills of 1867 & 1884 extended the franchise
2. France
a. defeated
in the Franco-Prussian War
b. the Fall
of Louis Napoleon 1870
c. revolution
in Paris - Paris Commune brutally crushed
The Siege and Commune
of Paris, 1870-1871
One
Day Under the Paris Commune, 1871
d.
the Third Republic established (1875)
passed reforms, legalized trade unions
3. Germany
The
Bismarckian Empire 1871-1890
The
Catholics Kulturkampf
Strict
government
a. A parliament was established
with two branches: Reichstag (lower),
Bundesrat (upper)
b. German rulers opposed
democratic ideas and Western style parliamentary
government
c. opposed to socialism
outlawed Social Democratic party (1878)
began implementing social welfare programs
old age pensions, sickness and accident benefits
d. William II dismissed
Bismarck
2. Growing power
a. William II tranformed
agricultural country into one of the world's leading
industrial```` powers
b. Most Germans
took pride in their new power and strength
Kaiser Wilhelm II
(1888-1918)
Developments in the Sciences
Max
Planck - quantum theory
Albert
Einstein - theory of relativity
a. Einstein's theory of
relativity stated that Newton's laws don't work for
objects moving at speeds near the speed of light.
b. According to Einstein's
theory, as things travel faster - approaching the
speed of light - the rules for time, space, and motion change.
5. Matter and energy
a. Einstein's formula
E=mc2 means that mass and energy can be converted
to each other
Friedrich Nietzsche
existentialism
and Friedrich Nietzsche
Social Darwinism and Racism
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
Herbert
Spencer: Philosophy
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism
and Elitism
Philosophers,
Scientists, and Theologians
of THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Pope Pius IX (1846-1878)
Syllabus of Errors
attacked nationalism, socialism, freedom of speech/press,
religious toleration
Realism and Naturalism in Literature and Drama
1. Realism in literature
a. many writers
rejected the Romantic's stress on personal emotions
b. many wrote
about social problems and the lives of ordinary people
set in villages, slums, and prisons
2. England
a. more people
were beginning to read
newspapers, magazines, novels
b. authors
explored people's psychological relationships
c. Charles
Dickens published most of his novels in installments in weekly
magazines
Dickens
Christmas Carol, Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations
The Dickens
Page
Charles Dickens Page
Dickens
London
d. Thomas
Hardy wrote about rural England
Thomas Hardy's
Lifeline
E-texts
e. Edward
Morgan Forster
A Room with a View (1908)
Howard's End (1910)
f.
Herbert
George Wells
The Time Machine (1895)
The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896)
The
War of the Worlds (1898)
3. France
a. Gustave
Flaubert
wrote about middle class women in Madame
Bovary (1857)
4. Russia
a. the greatest masters
of realistic fiction
b. Anton Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich
Chekhov
described middle-class country life
c. Fyodor Dostoyevsky
probed inner feelings in
Crime
and Punishment (1866)
The
Brothers Karamazov
existentialism
and Fyodor Dostoyevsky
d. Count Leo Tolstoy examined
the background of Russian society in
War and Peace
Anna
Karenina
Tolstoy
Library
The
Bucknell Russian Program Culture Literature
5. America
The
Rise of Realism
American
Realism 1865 - 1890
a. Mark
Twain (1835-1910)
The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer
The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
b.
William
Dean Howells (1837-1920)
The
Rise of Silas Lapham
6. Realism in drama
a. new drama - emphasis
on human psychology and social problems
b. characters were ordinary
people speaking in everyday language
c. Henrik Ibsen shocked
audiences with realistic portrayals of families
and social problems
A
Doll House
Hedda
Gabler
The
dramatist Henrik Ibsen
d. George
Bernard Shaw - became a leader of Britain
drama with his witty
plays and criticism of society
e. Russian drama flourished
at Moscow Art Theatre (1898)
Anton
Checkov - The Sea Gull
The
Anton Chekov Page
Naturalism
Emile
Zola - wrote of the grim details of middle and working class life
Germinal
Stephen
Crane - "The Open Boat" - The Red Badge of Courage
Stephen
Crane Resources on the Web
Jack
London (1876-1916)
The Call of the Wild (1903)
The Sea-Wolf (1904)
Upton
Sinclair - The Jungle
Theodore
Dreiser - Sister
Carrie
Frank
Norris - McTeague(1899)
The
Octopus (1901)
Naturalism
in American Literature
Naturalism
and Muckraking
III. New Trends in the Arts
A. Painting
1. Impressionism
the impression of a subject, rather than a realistic representation.
a. how
a scene might look at a glance - used pure, shimmering colors
b. impressionist
painters
i. Mary
Cassat
(1844-1926)
ii. Edgar
Degas
(1834-1917)
iii. Edouard
Manet
(1832-1883)
Manet
iv. Claude
Monet
(1840-1926)
v. Camille
Pissarro
(1830-1903)
vi. Pierre-Auguste
Renoir
(1841-1919)
vii. John Singer Sargent
(1856-1925)
viii. Alfred
Sisley
(1839-1899)
ix. Henri
de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901)
c. new subject
matter - painted the lives of ordinary people in an urban,
industrialized society
2. Post-impressionism
Henri Matisse
a. showing objects
as patterns of froms and flat surfaces -
used vivid colors and distorted images
b. post-impressionist
painters
i. Paul
Cezanne
(1839 - 1906)
much like impressionism, but moved further from realistic painting.
ii. Paul
Gauguin
(1848-1903)
iii. Georges
Seurat
(1859-1891)
iv. Vincent
van Gogh (1853-1890)
3. Expressionism
and Cubism
a. expressionism
- art in which intense emotion is expressed
b. cubism - looking
at natural shapes and painting them as geometrical forms
c. cubism's leaders
i. Georges Braque
ii. Pablo Picasso
Organization and protest Ch 25
a. Women's
Social and Political Union (WSPU)
i. members disrupted the speeches of politicians, bombed buildings,
and created disturbances
Emmeline
Pankhurst
Hunger
Strikes
Arson
Campaign
Cat
and Mouse Act
Parliamentary
Campaigns
First
World War Work
ii.
Emily Davison
- killed herself at horse race
Qualification
of
Women Act (1918)
Under Development
Music
1.Traditional forms
a. developed mainly along the lines set by Romantics and Nationalistic
composers
b. Johannes Brahms-
used the forms of German Classical Tradition but added a sense of deep
emotion
c. Johann Strauss - "Waltz King" - created the popular Viennese style of
dance music
2. Richard Wagner's "music dramas" - first sign of a change in music in
the 1850's
a. his works were an inspiration to the later composers and their works
i. symphonies of Gustav Mahler
ii. operas and other works of Richard Strauss
3.New harmonies
a. in the early 1900's a number of composers began to try out new
harmonies that sounded strange to their listeners
b. Claude Debussy attempted the abstract style in musci that the
impressionist painters were creating on canvas
c. Igor Stravinsky - perhaps one of the most influential composers of the
time
i. some audiences found his music hard to accept
ii. when Stravinsky's ballet The Rite of Spring opened in Paris in 1913
a riot broke out in the theater
Prejudice
toward European Jews
1. Anti-semitism
2. The Dreyfuss Affair in France
3. Jews in Eastern Europe
4. German anti-semitism
3. the Suez and Panama canals
a. Suez canal allowed ships to go through the easter Mediterranean into
the Red Sea
b. Panama canal allowed ships who were sailing from the Atlantic to the
Pacific
Ocean to pass through the Caribbean, instead of going aroung South America
C.The World Market
1. competition caused prices to level out worldwide
2. the gold standard
D.World
Migrations
1. European population growth
2. European emigrants
3. Asian emigrants
E.The Age of Imperialism
1. Economic motives
a. new markets
b. raw materials
c. places to invest
2. Other forces
a. nationalism
b. religious beliefs
The Modern Age Ch.
Back to History Page Study Guide Ch. 19 -26
Historic Times Quizzes Sample Test Questions from Civilization in the West
Outline of American Literature
Key Sites on American Literature
"The test of a first-rate intelligence
is the ability to hold two opposed ideas
in the mind
at the same time, and still retain the ability to function."
--F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)