I.   The Origins of the French Revolution
   A. military expenses led to financial crisis after the  The Seven Years' War
   B. interest payments
   C. nobility was not taxed
   D. attempts to reform the tax system tax farming
       i.   Necker
       ii.  Turgot
       iii. Calonne
       iv. Brienne
   E. social inequality
   F. inefficient government
II.  Outbreak of Revolution
   A. The three estates
       i.   The First Estate  - clergy
       ii.  The Second Estate  - nobility
       iii. The Third Estate  - everyone else
  B.  complaints against the King
       i.  Lower clergy - resented pampered lives of the higher clergy
           and felt concern for France’s poor
       ii.  nobility - jealous of the King’s power
       iii. Third Estate
          a. peasants - wanted a fairer tax system and an end to the payment
              of fees to nobility  corvee
          b. bourgeoisie - upset by high food prices,  wanted influence
              in the government.
  C.  the  Estates General  - called to meet by the King to get approval of tax
          i. assembly of the three Estates
          ii. traditionally met separately and voted in groups
              2/3 had to agree - nobles and clergy often voted together
          iii. Third Estate wanted to double the representation of the
             Third Estate
  D. National Assembly
          i. Third Estate delegates declared themselves National Assembly
          ii. Abbe Sieyes :   What is the Third Estate?
  
         iii. locked out of meeting hall - moved to indoor tennis court
          iv. demanded a constitution for France and swore not to disband until
              they achieved this goal
            The Tennis Court Oath
          v. King gave in and ordered other Estates to join the National Assembly
          vi. King brought soldiers to Versailles and Paris
  E. The Storming of the Bastille
      i.  The Great Famine of 1788 and the bread riots of 1789 (July 20 - Aug 6)
     ii. Parisians were desperate due to food shortages, unemployment,
         and high prices
     iii. feared the King’s soldiers would crush the National Assembly
     iv. stormed the The Bastille in search of  guns/gunpowder July 14, 1789
        The Fall of the Bastille
      v. the creation of the national guard -- Lafayette
  F.  Reforms
     i. abolition of feudalism
     ii. the nobility could not demand fees, taxes, or labor from peasants
         ** peasants still had to purchase their land
     iii. equal rights
     iv. freedom of speech and press
     v. all positions in Church, government, and army were opened to citizens
         regardless of birth
     vi. church could no longer collect tithes
     vii.  the Rights of Man
         The Declaration of the Rights of Man at Yale
  
     viii.  tried to bring clergy under state control
        The Civil Constitution of the Clergy  -- 1790
        a.  confiscated church lands and monastic lands
        b.  used lands to assign bonds
        c.  clergy paid by the state
        d.  clergy elected by the parish
        e.  clergy were to be controlled by the republic.
        f.  pope forbade swearing allegiance to the Constitution -- 1791
     7. limited the power of the king and set up an elected lawmaking body
 G. Women in the Revolution
     i. Women’s march on Versailles
     ii. rights for men did not extend to women
          Mary Wollstonecraft's  A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
          
III. The Radical Stage of the Revolution
  A. The flight of the royal family
     i. nobles, the King, and the Queen felt the revolution had gone too far
         emigre
     ii. attempted to flee the city to organize opposition with other European
         monarchs
     iii. recognized and forced to return
  B. Deepening divisions
     i. doubts about the King increased
     ii. the middle class was divided over what should be done
     iii. radicals wanted France to become a Republic
  C. War with Austria and Prussia
     i. French Revolution scared other European monarchs
         Edmund Burke  and Reflections on the Revolution in France
     ii. revolutionaries worried that Austria might help a counterrevolution
         The Declaration of  Pillnitz
     iii. April 20, 1792 France declared war on Austria - Prussia backed Austria
     iv. Austria and Prussia invaded France
     v. Commune seized power and imprisoned the King
         The Overthrow of the Monarchy
IV.  The Legislative Assembly
   A. The  Girondists
   B. Commune ordered the election of a new assembly - National Convention
     i.   abolished of the constitution
     ii.   the sans culottes  (without breeches)
           the Jacobins -- the Mountain
     iii.   The September Massacres
     iv.  the Republic  (1792-1795)
           dominated by professionals and property owners
           Year One of the French Republic
           renamed the months of the year
           abolished monarchy - established Republic (Sept. 21, 1792)
           Louis tried and condemned    The Trial of Louis XVI
           Louis XVI executed (Jan. 21, 1793)                      
         Marie Antoinette                                                 

         The Trial and Execution of Marie Antoinette
     v.  uprisings in the Vendee (countryside)
     vi.   Jean Paul Marat  and the radical revolution
          preserve revolution by punishing counter- revolutionaries
          assassinated
V.  The Reign of Terror
        The Great Terror
   A.  the policies of Robespierre                                
      i.  the Republic of Virtue
      ii.  The Committee of Public Safety
           300,000 arrested
           16,000 - 50,000 executed
         So Many Died During the French Revolution
         History and construction of the Guillotine
      iii.  Danton  called for an end to the terror                
      iv.  Robespierre had Danton executed
           Robespierre and the Reign of Terror
  B.  the downfall of Robespierre
  C.  the conservative reaction to Robespierre: Thermidor
VI    The Directory
VII.  Napoleon
        Napoleonic Europe 1799 - 1815  Chronology
        The Napoleon Project
  A.  early career:
        Europe Ravaged by Revolution, War and Napoleon
        1796: the revolution spreads
        The Italian Campaign
        Milan, Genoa, the Papal States, Naples
        The Treaty of Campo Formio 1797 and the temporary defeat of Austria
        portrayals in art and music:
        Napoleon's Photo Album
        Jacques Louis-David  paintings of Napoleon
  B. Rise to power:
         The coup of November (Brumaire) 1799
         Napolean as first consul
         the Abbe Sieyes's support of Napoleon
         the Third Estate's opposition to radical change
         Napoleon in Egypt
  C.  reconciliation with the Pope: Concordat of 1801
  D.  Emperor Napoleon I  -- 1804
  E.  The Napoleonic Code (1804)
        Bill of Rights in Action - The Code Napoleon
         The Code Napoleon
  F.  The Conquest of Europe -- The Napoleonic Wars
         Napoleon's Tactics
           Political Background to Austerlitz
      i. The defeat at Trafalgar in 1805 by Admiral  Horatio Nelson
         Trafalgar
      ii. Napoleon's defeat of the Austrian and Russian forces at Austerlitz 1805
         The Battle of Austerlitz
      iii. The Confederation of the Rhine  in 1806
      iv. The Berlin Decree
          The  Continental System
      v. The Treaty of Tilsit in 1807: Prussia and Russia were subdued
      vi.  revolt in Spain:
      vii.  nationalism in Germany:
                    Herder and the Volksgeist
  G. The Beginning of the End:
         Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - interactive map
         index
         Napoleon's March to Moscow   1812
         Destruction of the Grand Armee
  H.  Defeat in 1814
          exile to Elba
  I.   The Hundred Days
       Napoleon Escapes Elba
       Napoleon's return and preparations for war
       Defeat at Waterloo in 1815 by forces led by Duke of Wellington
       The Battle of Waterloo
       The retreat and second abdication  exiled to St. Helena
       death in 1821
VIII.  The Congress of Vienna
            the triumph of conservatism
          the balance of power