I. Minoan and Mycenaean Periods
   A. Greek civilization preceeded by advanced civilizations
   B.  Minoans : Culture developed on Crete -- lasted till ca. 1450 B.C.
      i. Named after legendary King Minos  
      ii. Developed wealthy trading empire
      iii. Wealth and isolation provided security and comfortable life
      iv. Palace at Knossos  provides archaeological record (  Arthur Evans  )
    
  
           
         


   C. Mycenaean civilization lasted till ca. 1200 B.C.
      i. Civilization based on mainland
      ii. Mycenaeans -- Achaeans -- warlike --  The Trojan War   ( Homer )
      iii. Captured Knossos -- helped spread Minoan culture to mainland
        


 D. Trojan War -- retold by Homer
      i. Site found by Schliemann  -- some support of Iliad
      ii. City controlled trade
   E. Dorians -- The Archaic Period
      i. Invaded Greece -- destroyed major cities
      ii. Mixed with local population
      iii. Some Greeks fled to colonies in Asia Minor
      


II.  The Great City States of Classical Greece : Sparta
   A.  Spartan Society:
      i.  conquered neighbors, made them slaves - helots

      ii. Lycurgus established Spartan principles

      iii. military society: early form of totalitarianism?
         a. every Spartan a professional soldier
         b. women raised to be mothers of soldiers
         c. helots
         d.  peroicoi
         e. hoplites

      iv.  Spartan education
    B. Spartan politics: little interest in colonization, trade
      i. two kings, their powers and election
      ii.  the ephors, their powers and election
      iii.  the exchange of oaths
      iv.  the Council of 30
       

III.  The Great City States of Greece
    A.  Influence of geography
      i. mountains separated Greek cities -- led to independent city-states
      ii. shortage of good land and proximity of the sea encouraged trade and
          colonization
    B. Athens:  The significance of Athens in history
    C. Early Athenian government: polis 

      i.  the king and archons - nobles
      ii.  their class and their election
      iii.  the Areopagus (Council)      
      iv.  the Assembly
      v.  widespread participation
      vi.  sophisticated concept of justice
      vii.  Draco

    D.  The Classical Age
      i. the financial crisis of the 6th century B. C.: nobles prospered,
         small farmers suffered
      ii.  Solon   -- 594 B. C.
        a. established moderate reforms:
            no exports of wheat
            export olive oil
            citizenship to foreign artisans
            abolished debts
            land could not be used for collateral
            freed those sold into slavery for debts
            definition of citizenship
         b. Solon's restructuring of the government:
              the Council of 400
              the Assembly
          iii  Pisistratus gained power in 560 B.C.
          iv.  Cleisthenes 510 B. C.
             a. Council of 500
             b. the Assembly
             c.  ostracism to expell dangerous citizens
             d. the popular courts
    E. Athenian  democracy
          i.  definition of democracy
          ii.  women in Athens
          iii.  slaves in Athens
            


IV.  Athens, Sparta and the Persians
     A. Greek independence
     B.  The Persian Wars
          i. Cyrus, Darius
          ii. Ionian cities sought self rule -- revolted against Persia
          iii. Spartan &  Athens
             a. Herodotus: the Father of History and The Histories
          iv. The Battle of Marathon -- 490 B. C.
             a. the Immortals
          v.  Xerxes wanted revenge
          vi.  Thermopylae : Leonidas & the 300 Spartans
          vii. Salamis and Plataea
           

     C.  Greek unity under the leadership of Athens
          i.  the Delian League and Pericles
     D.  The Peloponessian War
          i.  The Delian League  formed as defense against Persia
          ii. member states paid dues used for fleet
          iii. the conflict between imperial aims and democracy
          iv. Athens forced members to remain
          v.  Sparta and allies saw Athens as tyrannical 
          vi.  The Peloponnesian War  recorded by Thucydides (The Father of Scientific History)

     E.  The Defeat of Athens and the end of the Golden Age of Greek
          Antiquity
         i. Spartan army vs. Athenian navy
         ii. plague
         iii. attack on Syracuse
         iv. Athens defeated in 404 B.C.