Industrial Change and Urbanization, 1820 - 1850

I. the Transportation Revolution
 A. Canals and Steamboats
   1. reduced the cost of transportation
   2. Robert Fulton and the Claremont
   3. The Erie Canal
     a. huge profits for New York
     b. immigrant labor
 B. Railroads
  1. technological origins of railroads
      Stockton and Darlington
  2. America's first railroads
      Baltimore and Ohio, Boston and Worcester
  3. advantages of railroads and canals
      speed and dependability
  4. impact of construction on sectionalism
  C. Government and the Economy
   1. state governments and funding
   2. federal government and funding
    a. grants of public land
    b. legislative and judicial support
        limited liability / eminent domain
    c. Gibbons v. Ogden
II. Growth of Cities
  A. Ports
    1. New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston
    2. economic growth
    3. transportation - coaches, ferries
    4. housing - slums, brothels, saloons, pollution
  B. Interior Cities
    1. Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Buffalo,
        Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Chicago
    2. manufacturing, pollution
    3. Great Lakes shipping
    4. factory towns - Lowell Mass.
  C. Immigration
   1. Irish
     a. the potato famine 1845-1846
       a million died
       a million and a half immigrated
     b. living conditions of Irish immigrants
        cellars, attics, tenements
   2. Germans
     a. farmers, skilled workers, shop keepers
     b. established German neighborhoods
       St. Louis, Milwaukee, San Antonio
III. The Industrial Revolution
  A. Early Stages
   1. household manufacturing - putting out system
   2. craftsmen
      tailors, coopers, smiths,
   3. factories
       Samuel Slater
   4. early factories in New England
      Lowell
  B. Sources of Workers
   1. Rhode Island system - family employment
   2. Waltham system - young women
   3. the Irish
   4. native born
  C. Role of Technology
   1. mechanical skill in the countryside
      Samuel Slater
   2. Eli Whitney and the cotton gin
      helped revolutionize cotton industry
   3. American system of manufacturing
     a. mass production - interchangeable parts
   4. adoption of the steam engine
   5. ecological impact
     a. deforestation
IV. Growing Inequality and the New Classes
  A. the Old Rich
  B. New Middle Class
   1. separation of work and home
   2. middle class lifestyle
     a. consumer goods
     b. servants
     c. middle class "respectability"
   3. role of evangelical religion
     a. push for temperance
     b. cult of domesticity
  C. Working Classes
   1. workingmen's political parties
   2. rise of trade unions
     a. 10 hour day
     b. strikes  used as a tool
   3. class, race, and gender issues in labor
     a. family economy
     b. nativists wanted to stop immigration