Outline  Ch 2        
Colonial Competition and Cultural Struggle
                                                          
I. Characteristics of Initial European Encounters with the New World
  A. Praised natural bounty of the land; downplayed presence of native inhabitants.
  B. Each nation took particular approach toward Native Americans.
     1. Spanish attempted to remake native inhabitants in their own image.
     2. French dealt with Native Americans as allies and trading partners.
     3. English and Dutch sought to take native land through force.
  C. European presence altered traditional practices and ways of life.
   D. Clash of Europeans inevitable
II. French North America
    A. French colonies different from English and Spanish settlements.
       1. Canada lightly populated because French were reluctant to leave home.
       2. Emphasized economic and cultural reciprocity, not conflict, with natives.
    B. Fur trading major French activity in New World.
       1. Allied with Hurons against Mohawk, Iroquois.
       2. Influence extended to Great Lakes and Ohio River valley in 17th century.
           coureurs de bois
III. English Colonies on the Chesapeake
    A. English colonization motivated by many factors.
       1. Challenge to Spain's Catholic empire.
       2. Trade opportunities
    B. Virginia Company settlement at Jamestown founded Virginia colony in 1607.
       1. Tense relations between colonists and Powhatans almost from beginning.
           John Smith
       2. Colonists decimated during starving time of winter of 1609-10.
       3. Tobacco introduced as colony's first cash crop in 1613.
       4. First colonial legislature, the House of Burgesses, established in 1619.
           headright system
           indentured servants
   C. Maryland established as proprietary colony  in 1632.
       1. Toleration Act of 1649 protected all Christian religious practices.
   D. Chesapeake society developed in common ways.
       1. Settlements developed along rivers and based on commercial agriculture.
       2. Immigrants were largely propertyless young adults.
       3. Indentured servitude was common means for securing passage to the colonies.
IV. Puritanism in New England
   A. Origins of Puritanism in late 16th century.
      1. Protest against influence of Catholicism in the Church of England.
      2. Predestination, salvation determined solely by God.
   B. Separatists (Pilgrims) landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.
        Mayflower Compact
      1. Saw Church of England as corrupt.
      2. Had lived in the Netherlands since 1607.
      3. Purchased land from Virginia Company.
   C. Puritan migration to the New World began in 1630.
      1. Covenant Theology
      2. General Court and British political tradition
      3. Religion and government officially separate, but religion was dominant.
      4. Population pressures eventually led to expansion into Connecticut.
         a. English allied with Narragansetts and Mohegans against Pequots
         b. Destroyed Pequot village; enslaved survivors.
         c. Sold Pequots in West Indies for Africans, who arrived in 1638.
   D. Puritans left England to gain religious freedom, but refused freedom to others.
      1. Roger Williams founded Rhode Island in 1635.
         a. Expelled from Massachusetts for advocating separation of church and state.
         b. Purchased land from Narragansetts.
         c. Became haven for non-conformists.
      2. Anne Hutchinson challenged Puritan orthodoxy.
         a. Held religious meetings in her home and included women.
         b. Claimed God had spoken to her directly.
         c. Fled to Rhode Island after being banished  from Massachusetts in 1638.
VI. The Caribbean
    A. Colonists tried to grow tobacco, sugar was more suitable
    B. sugar became profitable
       1. required intensive labor
       2. importation of slaves
       3. laws provided slaves with little protection
       4. slaves formed families, preserved some traditions
    C. sugar production was under the control of a small number of planters
       1. large numbers of colonists moved to the Carolinas.
VII. The Restoration Touches America
    A. Domestic events in England had consequences for the New World.
       1. English Civil War resulted in execution of Charles I in 1649.
       2. Protectorate period under Oliver Cromwell, 1649-1660.
       3. Charles II and the "Restoration."
    B. Restoration colonies established as gifts to the king's supporters.
       1. Carolina established in 1663.
          a. rice production in the southern part of the colony
          b. Northern portion became North Carolina in 1712.
       2. Pennsylvania established in 1681.
          a. Quakers were persecuted in England
          b. not welcome in other colonies
          c. Quakers welcomed settlers of all faiths.
          d. First Frame of Government in 1682 guaranteed religious freedom.
          e. Purchased land from the Delawares rather than taking it.
       3. New York established in 1664.
          a. Dutch settlers arrived 1624
          b. Dutch West India Company governed New Netherlands
          c. offered patroonships to wealthy Dutchmen who sponsored immigrants
          d. small number of settlers
          e. Governor Kieft ordered slaughter of Indians
          a. English seized New Netherlands in 1664
          b. Primarily engaged in trade of beaver furs;  later exported wheat and corn.
    C. Mercantilism allowed England to control colonial trade.
       1. Colonies could improve a country's economic position.
          a. Sources of raw materials.
          b. Markets for finished products.
       2. Navigation Acts exerted Parliament's control over colonial trade.
    D. Increasing English political control over colonies.
       1. Massachusetts's charter revoked in 1684 for violations of Navigation Acts.
       2. New England and New York later merged into Dominion of New England.
    E. Glorious Revolution allowed for renewed colonial self-government.