Ch 12 - 13 Study Guide
|
canals and steamboats |
New England Black Hawk’s War Cayuses Fort Laramie Treaty John L. O’Sullivan Zachary Taylor Stephen W. Kearny Winfield Scott |
The American
Journey: Companion Site Ch
12 -- Ch
13
Practice Questions
America: A
Narrative History: Ch
14 -- multiple
choice, true false, flash cards
National / Regional Growth: puzzle
-- flashcards
Manifest
Destiny:
puzzle
-- flashcards
The
American Nation: Ch
8 --
flashcards, multiple choice, fill in the blank
The Unfinished Nation: maps
blank US map
glossary
Alamo - During the Texas Rebellion, Antonio Lopez de Santa
Anna's Mexican force of 4,000 troops laid siege to the town of San
Antonio, where 200 Texans resisted, retreating to an abandoned mission,
the Alamo. After inflicting over 1,500 casualties on Santa Anna's men,
the defenders of
the Alamo were wiped out on March 6, 1836. The Alamo became a symbol of
the Texans' determination to win independence.
Compromise of 1850 - The Compromise of 1850 was a major effort
at quieting sectional conflict in pre-Civil War American politics. In
terms of expansion, its most important clauses were those admitting
California to statehood as a free state and dividing the remainder of
the Mexican cession after the Mexican War into two sections, New Mexico
and Utah, neither of which would be subject to restrictions on slavery.
Cotton gin - Machine perfected in 1793 by American inventor Eli
Whitney to separate cotton from its seed.
Domestic System Of Production The system of economic
production
that prevailed in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, prior to the
Industrial
Revolution, under which merchants supplied materials and sometimes
tools
and machines to workers who produced finished goods in their homes and
turned
them over to the merchants.
Donner
Party -
The exploits of the Donner Party
exemplified the difficulties of the overland journey to the Far West.
Led astray by the erred advice of a guidebook, the Donner Party found
itself snowbound in
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and arrived at its destination in
California only after turning to cannibalism.
Empresarios - In efforts to attract American settlers and trade
to
Texas during the 1820s, the Mexican government gave large land grants
to agents
called empresarios in return for their efforts to encourage
colonization.
Erie Canal - The first canal project of the 1820s, the 363-mile
Erie Canal was completed in 1825, connecting Buffalo, New York, on the
Great Lakes, with Albany, on the Hudson River. The Erie Canal made cost
effective shipping possible via waterways from New York City to the
West by way of the Great Lakes. The North and Northwest were soon
crisscrossed by an extensive canal system which greatly improved
domestic transportation and trade.
Factory
System - The
factory system developed in the late
eighteenth century, chiefly due to the advances being made in the
textile industry. With inventions such as the flying shuttle, the
spinning jenny, and many others,
the making of cloth became much faster. As a result, hand weavers were
driven
out of business by factories, which they were later forced to work in.
Factories
were first run by water, then by steam, and their output improved the
nation's
economy. Instead of one worker completing an item, such as a length of
material,
a variety of machines made the fabric. Also, instead of one worker
following
the same piece of material from raw wool to dyed cloth, each worker
concentrated
on only one task. This "assembly-line" approach was very efficient,
however
the tasks became extremely monotonous and repetitive. Working
conditions
were also very poor. Factory laborers—often young children— had to put
in
extremely long hours, were very poorly paid, and worked in dangerous
surroundings.
During the first part of the Industrial Revolution there were no laws
to
protect workers.
Popular Sovereignty was a term for the political belief that the people of a territory or state, rather than the Federal government, had the right to determine whether slavery would be legal within their land. Popular Sovereignty came to be closely associated with Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, and was the vital animating idea behind the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which repealed the Missouri Compromise.
Santa
Fe Trail - Southwestern travelers more often than not
used the Santa Fe Trail to move westward. The trail linked St. Louis
and Santa Fe, leading to the establishment of strong economic
connections between the regions surrounding the endpoints of the trail.
The Seneca Falls Convention,
held in Seneca Falls, New York, on July 19-20, 1848, was the first
public political meeting in the United States dealing with women's
rights. It issued the "Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments" (modeled
on the Declaration of Independence), enumerating the ways in which men
had oppressed American women, including depriving them of the vote, of
equal property rights, of equal access to employment and education—in
short, of the full rights and privileges of citizens. The
"Resolutions," which accompanied the "Declaration of Sentiments," were
unanimously approved, except for one demanding the vote. Some
participants felt this demand was too extreme; others believed women
should avoid being drawn into politics. The suffrage plank did pass,
but by a narrow majority. The convention was organized by Lucretia Mott
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
States' Rights- This term is typically associated with Southern proslavery activists, although both Northerners and Southerners agitated for states' rights for various reasons. Southerners typically used it in an attempt to justify the presence of slavery--the argument went that if the local people wanted the institution, the federal government had no right to veto their wishes.
Steam
engine - Machine for turning heat into power by means
of steam.
Heat applied to a boiler expands water into steam, which is directed
into
a cylinder where it acts upon a piston. Newcomen (1712) produced the
first
practical engine for draining mines, Watt (1769) introduced major
improvements, including a separate condenser and rotary motion, while
Trevithick (1801) introduced the high pressure engine that led to the
locomotive.
Texas Rebellion - As the population of American settlers in Texas had grown, relations with the Mexican government had steadily soured. When, in 1834, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna purged the liberals from the government and began restricting the independence of the Mexican territories, many Texans decided it was time for a clean break. Texan leaders met and declared independence, soon beginning a series of battles that culminated with the April 1836 capture of Santa Anna himself. Though the Texans forced him to sign a treaty declaring Texas independent, the Mexican government never officially recognized the treaty, and the status of Texas remained in question, to be decided by the Mexican War.
Trail of Tears - In 1835, federal agents
persuaded a pro-removal Cherokee chief to sign the Treaty of New
Echota, which ceded all Cherokee land for $5.6 million and free
transportation west. Most Cherokees rejected the treaty, but resistance
was futile. Between 1835 and 1838 bands of Cherokee Indians moved west
of the Mississippi along the so-called Trail of Tears. Between 2,000
and 4,000 of the 16,000 migrating Cherokees died. The Trail of Tears
became a symbol for the harsh treatment of the Indians at the hands of
the federal government.
The Wilmot Proviso was an amendment proposed to an
appropriations bill regarding the West, which proposed that slavery be
prohibited in all of the Mexican cession other than Texas. The proviso
passed the House but stalled in the Senate, where it was the cause of
further arguments between northern and southern politicians.
Worcester v. Georgia - In the case of Worcester v. Georgia,
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokees comprised a
"domestic dependent nation" within Georgia and thus deserved protection
from harassment. However, the vehemently anti-Indian Andrew Jackson
refused to abide by the decision, sneering "John Marshall has made his
decision; now let him enforce it."
People
Stephen F. Austin - The most successful of all Texan
empresarios, Stephen Austin became an influential political leader in
Texas. He did
not support independence at first, and his misgivings restrained any
major
move towards independence among the Texan people. However, once he
threw
his support behind the Texas Rebellion in 1835, it benefited greatly
from
his leadership and support.
John C. Calhoun served in the Senate for most of the first half
of the 19th century, where he stood up again and again for states' rights , the agricultural way of
life, and slavery interests.
Henry Clay With Stephen Douglas,
Clay engineered the Compromise of 1850
and worked constantly to maintain the Union despite sectionalism during
the first half of the 19th century.
Robert Fulton - Fulton is credited with the invention of the first effective steamboat, which he unveiled with his business partner, Robert Livingston, in New York in 1807. The Steamboat revolutionized river travel because it could move rapidly upstream, a feat no other type of watercraft could match.
William Lloyd Garrison- A Boston abolitionist who believed in immediate emancipation by any and all means necessary, mostly for his deep religious beliefs. His newspaper, The Liberator, came under attack by proslavery advocates.
Andrew Jackson was President of the United States from 1829 to 1837, and thus oversaw much of the nation's expansion. Jackson's most prominent role in westward expansion was his continuing struggle to eject the Indians East of the Mississippi from their lands to free up land for American settlers. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 granted Jackson the funding and authority to accomplish this goal, which he pursued determinedly throughout his presidency.
James
K. Polk was President of the United States from 1845 to
1849. He oversaw the annexation of Oregon and of Texas, and is credited
with beginning the Mexican War in earnest. Polk was a firm believer in
expansion and pursued his goals with vigor. However, many northerners
saw him as an agent of
southern will, expanding the nation as part of a plan to extend slavery
into the West.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - Santa Anna, the president of
Mexico, organized a mass purge of Mexican liberals from his government
in 1834.
This accomplished, he began to place restrictions on the governments of
the Mexican territories to the North. Fearing tyrannical rule, Stephen
F.
Austin and other American settlers in Texas sparked the Texas Rebellion
to
win independence. Santa Anna was captured during the rebellion and
forced
to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence, and was shortly ousted
from
the Mexican government.
Nat Turner
was the leader of the bloodiest slave revolt in American history.
Despite
disorganization, Turner's band of 40-odd slaves managed to kill more
than
60 whites in Southampton County, Virginia before being stopped. Turner
and
many of his followers were quickly tried and killed.
John Tyler became President of the United States in 1841,
when William Henry Harrison died after a month in office. Tyler and his
secretary of state, John Calhoun, a fierce advocate for slavery, tried
by dishonest and manipulative means to gain support for the annexation
of Texas. The treaty they presented to the Senate for annexation was
voted down, but the issue of annexation had risen to the fore of
American politics.
Timeline
August 18, 1807: Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston
demonstrated the speed of the Clermont - Fulton and Livingston
demonstrated the power of
the steamboat by traveling from New York City up the Hudson River to
Albany in 32 hours, a trip that would take a sailing sloop four days.
1814 Francis Cabot Lowell opened the first U.S. factory able to convert raw cotton into cloth using power machinery.
July 4 1817 : Construction of the Erie Canal began. The canal, designed to connect the Great Lakes to Albany, officially opened in 1825.
July 1821: Mexico Won Independence from
Spain - In the culmination of a long revolution, Mexico won
independence from Spain and took control of the territories of New
Mexico and California.
1822 Stephen F. Austin established an
American
colony in Texas.
June 1822: Denmark Vesey's
Rebellion A free black carpenter led a conspiracy to create mass
insurrection among the slaves of Charleston, South Carolina. They were
caught before the revolt could take place; 35 were hanged.
October 26, 1825: The Erie Canal Opened - Completing construction begun in 1817, the 363-mile canal connected Buffalo and Albany New York, which then connected to New York City via the Hudson River. The Erie Canal linked New York City to the Great Lakes, and thus the West. This began a period of rapid canal development in the North and Northwest, revolutionizing domestic trade and transportation.
May 26, 1830: The Indian Removal Act Passed
- The Indian Removal Act granted President Andrew Jackson the funding
and authority to remove the Indians residing east of the Mississippi
River.
January 1, 1831: - William Lloyd
Garrison published the first issue of The Liberatr
in Boston.
August 1831: Nat Turner' s Rebellion- Perhaps the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history; a preacher named Nat Turner led about 40 slaves to kill over 20 whites in southeastern Virginia. They were caught and hanged.
1832: In the case of Worcester v. Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokees comprised a "domestic dependent nation" within Georgia and thus deserved protection from harassment. However, the vehemently anti-Indian Andrew Jackson refused to abide by the decision, sneering "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it."
November 1835:
The
Texas Rebellion Began - A group of Texan leaders convened to draw up a
provisional
government and declare independence from Mexico. Shortly after,
fighting
broke out.
December 29, 1835: Treaty of New Echota is Signed - Federal
agents persuaded a pro-removal Cherokee chief to sign the Treaty of New
Echota, which ceded all Cherokee land for $5.6 million and free
transportation west. Most Cherokees rejected the treaty, but resistance
was futile. Between 1835 and 1838 bands of Cherokee Indians moved west
of the Mississippi along the so-called Trail of Tears. Between 2,000
and 4,000 of the 16,000 migrating Cherokees died.
March 6, 1836: The Alamo fell to Mexican troops - Antonio Lopez
de
Santa Anna's Mexican force of 4,000 troops laid siege to the town of
San Antonio, where 200 Texans resisted, retreating to an abandoned
mission, the Alamo. After inflicting over 1,500 casualties on Santa
Anna's men, the defenders of the Alamo were wiped out on March 6, 1836.
The Alamo became a symbol
of the Texans' determination to win independence.
Spring 1844: John Tyler's Treaty Proposing the Annexation of
Texas is Defeated in the Senate - Congressmen wary of inciting further
sectional conflict defeated the treaty for annexation. However,
annexation became
the major issue in the 1844 election.
February 1845: Congress Passed a Measure to Annex Texas - After
James
K. Polk became President of the United States in January, Congress
passed a measure approving annexation, trusting Polk to oversee Texas'
admission more effectively than John Tyler would have.
July 4, 1845 - Five months after the United States Congress
voted to annex Texas, a Texas convention voted to accept annexation,
despite the warning by the Mexican government that any agreement to
join the United States will be equivalent to a declaration of war.
July 1845: John L.
O'Sullivan, the editor of the U.S. Magazine and Democratic Review,
declared that the United States has a "manifest destiny" to occupy the
North American continent. Manifest destiny became one of the most
influential slogans in American history.
August 1845: A blight
devastated the Irish potato crop. Over 1 million people died
and 2 million emigrated, 1.3 million to the United States.
December 29, 1845: Texas was admitted to the Union - Texas was
officially granted statehood and became the 28th state.
May 9, 1846: Polk received word that Mexican forces ambushed two
American
companies - Polk, waiting for Mexico to strike the first blow, heard of
the attacks and declared the Mexican War begun. He demanded that
Congress vote for appropriations to carry out the war.
November 1846: the Donner Party found itself snowbound in the
Sierra Nevada Mountains and arrived at its destination in California
only after turning to cannibalism to survive.
January, 1848: Gold discovered in California - An American
carpenter found gold at the base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains,
sparking a gold rush which brought tens of thousands of new settlers to
California, establishing towns and cities, and accelerating the drive
toward statehood.
February 2, 1848: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed -
At the close of the Mexican War, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded
Texas, New Mexico, and California to the United States.
September 9, 1850: California admitted to the Union - Under the
Compromise
of 1850, engineered by Henry Clay, California was admitted to the Union
as
a free state.