GuideCh3-4

Study Guide Ch 3 - 4

trade with Indians
spread diseases
economic dependency
motivations for war
Beaver Wars
views about ownership
Jesuits
Fransiscans
missions
Black Robes
praying Indians / praying towns
King Philip's War
Metacom
Bacon's Rebellion
Susquehannocks
Berkeley
Pueblo Revolt
Pope
Evolution of Slavery
rebellion
New York 1712
Stono Rebellion
Encomienda
repartimiento
rescate
indentured servants
slaves
convict labor
redemptioner system
tenant farmers

mercantilism
Navigation Act of 1651
enumerated products
Molasses Act of 1733
Triangular Trade
urbanization
apprentice / journeyman
cultural developments
The Enlightenment
Franklin
The Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards
George Whitefield - 1739
College of New Jersey
College of Rhode Island
Queens College
Dominion of New England
Edmund Andros
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
William and Mary
Board of Trade
Navigation Act of 1696
virtual representation
actual representation
governors
settlement of the Frontier
Spanish settlement
San Antonio
King William's War
Country ideology
Grand Settlement of 1701
Queen Anne's War
Deerfield
King George's War
Louisbourg
Washington
Fort Duquesne
The French and Indian War
Albany Congress
Albany Plan of Union
Seven Years' War
Braddock
Montcalm
Fort Oswego,
Fort William Henry
Battle of Quebec
Treaty of Paris of 1763

                   The American Journey: Companion Site    Ch 3 Ch 4

     America: A Narrative History - Ch 3 multiple choice --       flashcards,
                                                          Ch 4                                   flashcards
     Flash Cards     puzzle
     The Unfinished Nation       matching quiz

     Making a Nation Home
     Out of Many     Ch 4   / Ch 5

                                             Practice Questions

Glossary

Beaver Wars: The conflict between the Iroquois and the French and their Huron allies to control the fur trade in the area of New York, the St lawrence, and the Great Lakes.

Charter: The king grants a charter to a group of merchants and military men. The charter creates a private company that may raise money from shareholders and finance, populate, and regulate the colony it establishes.

Proprietary: The king grants an individual a specified territory. The colony established there is owned by that individual and his heirs, who can grant land to others and make laws.

Commonwealth: A group of individuals enter into a mutual agreement to create a "civil body politic" that will make laws and govern the colony they establish.

encomienda The Spanish right to exact tribute and labor from Native Americans on large tracts of land, granted by Don Juan de Onate to favored Spaniards in what would become the American Southwest. Landlords, or encomenderos, were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

Encomenderos: This system of encomienda entitled men (encomenderos) to tribute from the Indians who lived on the land they had been awarded.

Enlightenment: A philosophical and intellectual movement that began in Europe during the eighteenth century. The Enlightenment unleashed a wave of new learning, especially in the sciences and mathematics, that helped promote the notion that human beings, through the use of their reason, could solve society's problems. The discoveries of Isaac Newton, the rationalism of Réné Descartes, and the empiricism of Francis Bacon and John Locke fostered the belief in natural law and the confidence in human reason that spread to influence all of 18th-century society. Enlightenment philosophes promoted a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility. The Enlightenment era, as such, has also been called the "Age of Reason." Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were leading proponents of Enlightenment thinking in America.

Enumerated Goods: Products grown or extracted from England's North American colonies that could be shipped only to England or other colonies within the empire. Goods on the first enumeration list included tobacco, indigo, and sugar. Later furs, molasses, and rice would be added to a growing list of products that the English colonies could not sell directly to foreign nations.

Genizaros: Conquered Indians who had been enslaved.

Great Awakening: Spilling over into the colonies from a wave of revivals in Europe, the Awakening placed renewed emphasis on vital religious faith, partially in reaction to more secular, rationalist thinking characterizing the Enlightenment. Beginning as scattered revivals in the 1720s, the Awakening grew into a fully developed outpouring of rejuvenated faith by the 1740s. Key figures included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield . The Awakening's legacy included more emphasis on personal choice, as opposed to state mandates about worship, in matters of religious faith.

Halfway Covenant: Realizing that many children of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first generation were not actively seeking God's saving grace and full church membership, the question was how to keep the next generation of children active in church affairs. The solution, agreed to in 1662, was to permit the baptism of children and grandchildren of professing saints, thereby according them half-way membership. Full church membership still would come only after individuals testified to a conversion experience. This compromise on standards of membership was seen as a sign of declension.

Headright: As an economic incentive to encourage English to settle in Virginia and other English colonies during the seventeenth century, sponsoring parties would offer 50 acres of land per person to those who migrated or who paid for the passage of others willing to migrate to America. Because of Virginia's high death rate and difficult living conditions, headrights functioned as an inducement to help bolster the colony's low settlement rate.

Indentured Servitude: In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America. Indenture contracts also required masters to provide food, clothing, farm tools, and sometimes land when the term of bonded service had expired, thus allowing former servants the opportunity to gain full economic independence in America. In return for their passage and possibly "freedom dues" at the end of the term, servants signed contracts or "indentures" to work for their masters for a specified number of years. It has been estimated that during the colonial era, approximately 250,000 to 300,000 servants arrived in British colonies. This would make up more than one-half and possibly as much as two-thirds of European immigrants.

King Philip's War, 1675–76, the most devastating war between the colonists and the Native Americans in New England. King Philip was the son of Massasoit and chief of the Wampanoag. His Wampanoag name was Metacom, Metacomet. Philip attempted to maintain peace with the colonists, conflict eventually erupted because of the land sales forced on the Native Americans. English colonists questioned Philip and demanded that the Wampanoag surrender their arms, which they did. In 1675 a Christian Native American who had been acting as an informer to the English was murdered. Three Wampanoags were tried for the murder and executed. Outraged, the Native Americans made a raid on the border settlement of Swansea. Other raids followed. Colonists resorted to similar methods of warfare in retaliation and antagonized other tribes. The Wampanoag were joined by the Nipmuck and by the Narragansett (after the latter were attacked by the colonists), and soon all the New England colonies were involved in the war. Philip made an unsuccessful attempt to secure aid from the Mohawk. In 1676 the Narragansett were completely defeated and their chief, Canonchet, was killed; the Wampanoag and Nipmuck were gradually subdued. Philip's wife and son were captured, and he was killed (Aug., 1676).

Kivas: Native American ceremonial spaces.

Laissez-faire: An economic theory based upon the ideas of Adam Smith, it contended that in a free economy self-interest would lead individuals to act in ways that benefited society as a whole and therefore government should not intervene.

John Locke , 1632–1704, English philosopher, founder of British empiricism. Locke summed up the Enlightenment in his belief in the middle class and its right to freedom of conscience and right to property. Locke believed that in the original state of nature people were happy and characterized by reason and tolerance. All people were equal and independent, and none had a right to harm another's “life, health, liberty, or possessions.” Governments were formed by a social contract in which the people gave certain powers to the government so that it could insure order and protect peoples' lives and property. The state should be guided by natural law.

Manumission: The freeing of slaves.

Mercantilism: Economic philosophy popular in sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe which argued that one person or nation could grow rich only at the expense of another, and that a nation's economic health depended, therefore, on a "favorable balance of trade" (selling as much as possible to foreign lands while buying as little as possible from them.) The theory that the chief object of a nation’s economic policies was to serve the state, rather than the particular interests within the nation or its inhabitants in general. An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations needed to export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into the treasury. It rested on the premise that a nation’s power and wealth were determined by its supply of precious metal which were to be acquired by increasing exports (paid for with gold) and reducing imports to achieve domestic self-sufficiency; mercantilism remained the dominant theory until the Industrial Revelation and articulation of theory of laissez faire. Mercantilists saw the collection wealth as the key to maintaining national power and self-sufficiency. The acquisition of colonies was necessary, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

the economic health of a nation could be measured by the amount of precious metal, gold, or silver, which it possessed
mercantilism dictated a favorable balance of trade
each nation tried to achieve economic self-sufficiency
regulated commerce could produce a favorable balance of trade
sea power was necessary to control foreign markets
colonies could provide markets for manufactured goods and sources of raw material
Adapted from <http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/%7Egrempel/courses/wc2/lectures/mercantilism.html>

Mestizos: Half-Spanish and half-Indian landed peasants in New Mexican society.

Navigation Acts: To effect mercantilist goals, King and Parliament legislated a series of Navigation Acts (1651, 1660,1663, 1673, 1696) that established England as the central hub of trade in its emerging empire. Various rules of trade, as embodied in the Navigation Acts, made it clear that England's colonies in the Americas existed first and foremost to serve the parent nation's economic interests, regardless of what was best for the colonists.

Redemptioners: People who worked for a brief period to pay back the ship’s captain for the cost of transportation to the colony. The redemptioner labor system was similar to that of indentured servitude in providing a way for persons without financial means to get to America. Normally, the family had to locate someone to pay for its passage in return for a set number of years of labor. If no buyer could be found, then ships captains could sell the family's labor, most likely on less desirable terms for the family, to recoup the costs of passage. Thousands of Germans migrated to America as redemptioners in the eighteenth century.

Royal Colony A colony over which the king of England assumed control, granting it a royal charter in place of the charter it previously held. A royal chareter guaranteed that England's laws would apply colonists. A royal governor was appointed by the king to see that such laws were carried out, and a council, composed of prominent men of the colony (appointed by the king, but with the advice of local leaders), was established to advise the governor. Most important, at least to the colonists, was the authorization of an elected legislature (Assembly or the House of Burgesses) to pass local laws and deal with problems particular to the colony. This legislative activity was subject to royal approval. This system varied from colony to colony and underwent many changes as it evolved; yet, by the end of the colonial era, most of the British-American colonies shared its basic institutional structure.

Salutary Neglect: This term signifies England's relatively benign neglect of its American colonies from about 1690 to 1760. During these years King and Parliament rarely legislated constraints of any kind and allowed the colonists much autonomy in provincial and local matters. In turn, the colonists supported the parent nation's economic political objectives. This harmonious period came to an end after the Seven Year's War when King and Parliament began asserting more control over the American colonists through taxes and trade regulations.

Slave Codes: Legal codes that defined the slaveholders' power and the slaves' status as property.

The Treaty of Paris of Feb. 10, 1763, was signed by Great Britain, France, and Spain. France lost its possessions in North America by ceding Canada and all its territories east of the Mississippi to Great Britain, and by ceding W Louisiana to its ally, Spain, in compensation for Florida, which Spain yielded to Great Britain. France retained the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon and recovered Guadeloupe and Martinique in the West Indies from Great Britain, in exchange for which it ceded Grenada and the Grenadines to the English.

Triangular Trade: term for the trade routes that developed between the English colonies, the West Indies, the coast of Africa, and the British Isles during the18th century. A triangle might begin in New England where flour, meat, salted fish, and other provisions were shipped to the English sugar plantations in the West Indies. Food would be exchanged in the West Indies for sugar and molasses, which the New Englanders would carry to England and exchange for manufactured goods to be brought back to the colonies. Another triangle took the New Englanders first to the coast of West Africa, where goods from America were exchanged for slaves. The slaves were then transported over the Middle Passage to the West Indies, where they were traded for rum and molasses to be sold at home. Manufactured goods might be shipped from England to West Africa to be traded for slaves. Slaves were sold in the West Indies, and a cargo of sugar and molasses would be transported to England.

Virtual Representation: King George III's chief minister, George Grenville, employed this concept in 1765 in relation to the Stamp Act. He insisted that all colonists were represented in Parliament by virtue of being English subjects, regardless of where they lived. Grenville was attempting to counter the colonists' position that King and Parliament had no authority to tax them, since the Americans had no duly elected representatives serving in Parliament.

Territories claimed by European countries 13 Colonies

Colonial Outposts, 1550-1650

Colony	Established by	Date	Key Figure	Purpose
Florida	Spain	1565	de Avila	Defense against British and French Pirates
New France	France	1608	de Champlain	Commerce with Indians
New Netherland	Netherlands	1624	Stuyvesant	Commerce with Indians
Roanoke	Virginia Company	1585	Raleigh	Resupply base with privateers

King William's War - corresponds to the War of the League of Augsburg

Queen Anne's War-- corresponds to the War of the Spanish Succession. The frontier was again the scene of many bloody battles; the French and Native American raid (1704) on Deerfield, Mass., was notable.

King George’s War -- corresponds to the War of the Austrian Succession.

French and Indian War -- The last of the colonial wars between England and France. The French and Indian War began in America before the Seven Years War broke out in Europe. France ended up losing its colonies in North America.

War	European Name	Years Fought	Reason for Conflict
King William's War	War of the League of Augsburg	1689-1697	Fought to maintain the balance of power and limit French expansion.
Queen Anne's War	War of the Spanish Succession	1702-1713
Tuscaroras War		1711	British-Indian conflict
Yamasee War		1715-1716	British-Indian conflict
War of Jenkins’ Ear		1739-1744	Britain’s attempt to expand Spanish territories and markets in America
King George’s War	War of the Austrian Succession	1744-1748	Conflict between Britain and Austria on one side, France and Prussia on the other about the successor to the throne of Austria
French and Indian War	Seven Years' War	1754-1763	Dispute over Ohio River Valley
Pontiac’s Rebellion		1763	Dispute over the region between the Mississippi and the Alleghenies