Reconstruction The Freedmen’s Bureau Black colleges “Forty acres and a mule”  Southern Homestead Act Migration to cities Federal Reconstruction, 1865-1870 Presidential Reconstruction, 1865-1867 Johnson's plan black codes Civil Rights Act of 1866 the Fourteenth Amendment. Congressional reconstruction, 1867-1870 Radical Republicans Military Reconstruction Act The Tenure of Office Act the Fifteenth Amendment. Southern Republican governments, 1867-1870 scalawags Carpetbaggers Counter Reconstruction, 1870-1874  The Ku Klux Klan the Enforcement Act of 1870 the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 the election of 1872 Horace Greeley Grant Civil Rights Act of 1875 the Compromise of 1877 Samuel J. Tilden Rutherford B. Hayes. sharecropping

The New South  Birmingham iron and steel mills textile industry tobacco and soft drink industries railroads industrialization impact on the South. Agrarian Revolt Redeemer governments Patrons of Husbandry / the Grange. Southern Farmers’ Alliance the People’s Party. Women’s Christian Temperance Union. segregation Lynch law Ida B. Wells Plessy v. Ferguson case. Jim Crow laws disfranchisement poll tax grandfather clauses Booker T. Washington the Atlanta Compromise. W.E.B DuBois the NAACP.

                                                               Practice Questions          

Reconstrustion   flashcards  http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/america6_brief/flashcards/ch18.htm  
New South   flashcards  http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/america6_brief/flashcards/ch19.htm  

Practice Quizzes    http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/USQuizzes/ Reconstruction 1.htm
                               http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/USQuizzes/ Reconstruction2 .htm
                               http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/Quizzes5-6/ Reconstruction 5.htm
  

Black Codes  Laws passed by southern states that defined the rights of former slaves and addressed black–white relationships. In general, these laws generally discriminated on racial grounds.  These laws limited the rights of former slaves and led Congress to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. Their provisions varied from state to state, but typically they stipulated that freedpeople could rent land only in rural areas—a means of keeping them on the plantations. All blacks were required to sign contracts for employment each January for the coming year. Those who quit in the middle of a contract lost any wages they had earned to that point and were subject to arrest for vagrancy—defined simply as not working.

carpetbaggers  A term that referred to northerners who settled in the South during Reconstruction.  People who moved to the South during or following the Civil War and became active in politics, they helped to bring Republican control of southern state governments during Reconstruction and were bitterly resented by most white Southerners. /  Pejorative term used by Southerners to describe white men from the North, most of them veterans from the Union army, who moved into the former Confederacy after the war, often to take advantage of economic opportunities as hopeful planters, businessmen, or professionals.

Compromise of 1877 - In order to settle the contested 1876 election, a bargain was struck that also ended Reconstruction. Democrat Samuel J. Tilden led Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in popular votes, and in the electoral college, but fraud and violence in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana left 20 electoral votes in doubt.  The Democratic House and Republican Senate created an electoral commission, and the commission gave Hayes all 20 votes, prompting a Democratic filibuster.
Representatives of the candidates and parties negotiated a compromise. The South would accept Hayes's election, back Republican James A. Garfield for House Speaker, and protect black rights; Republicans would provide federal aid for internal improvements, patronage, and, especially, home rule. But Garfield was defeated for Speaker, the government failed to subsidize improvements, and Hayes dispensed patronage and followed existing policy by removing federal troops from the South. The final southern Republican governments, all in the disputed states, collapsed, leading to the Democratic Solid South and violence and discrimination toward blacks.

W.E.B. Du Bois  Initial supporter of Booker T. Washington's policy, he later criticized Washington's methods as having “practically accepted the alleged inferiority of the Negro.“ 

forty acres and a mule  The dream of many former slaves that they would receive free land from the confiscated property of ex-Confederates. Only a few areas gave them land. Most ex-Confederates got their plantations back through general amnesty programs, or they received a special pardon from President Johnson. 

Freedmen's Bureau  A federal agency created in 1865 to supervise newly freed people. It oversaw relations between whites and blacks in the South, issued food rations, and supervised labor contracts. Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865. Its responsibilities included the provision of food, shelter, and medical aid for the destitute, the education of freedpeople, the establishment of free labor arrangements in former plantation areas, and the securing of justice for blacks in southern legal proceedings. The bureau's education policy was more successful. Working with private aid societies, it had helped establish nearly three thousand schools by 1869.

Grangers  Members of the Patrons of Husbandry, a farmers' organization. The Patrons of Husbandry led an agrarian movement—involving many non-Grange farmers' clubs and political parties—that created hundreds of cooperatives, founded banks, pushed through legislation regulating railroads and grain elevators, and campaigned for political candidates

Grant - elected as a Republican to two terms as president (1869-1877), but his administrations were marred by indecisive leadership, an inconsistent policy on southern Reconstruction, and massive corruption.

Horace Greeley  Grant's opponent in the 1872 election. Seen as a political oddball in the eyes of many Americans, the 61-year-old editor favored the protective tariff and was indifferent to civil service reform.

Rutherford B. Hayes  Nineteenth president of the United States. Beneficiary of the most fiercely disputed election in American history.  see Compromise of 1877

Jim Crow laws  Laws passed by southern states mandating racial segregation in public facilities of all kinds. 

Ku Klux Klan  Originally founded as a fraternal society in 1866, it became a white terrorist organization in the South.  Officially disbanded in 1869, a second anti-black, anti-Catholic, and anti-Semitic Klan emerged in 1915 that aimed to preserve "Americanism."

Military Reconstruction Act - A law passed after the South's refusal to accept the Fourteenth Amendment in 1867, it nullified existing state governments and divided the South into five military districts - headed by military governors.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909-1910 in New York City by a group of white and black intellectuals. United in their opposition to the gradualism preached by Booker T. Washington, the naacp leaders sought, first, to make whites aware of the need for racial equality. To do this, the organization launched a program of speechmaking, lobbying, and publicizing the issue. It also started a magazine, the Crisis, which was edited for years by the black leader W. E. B. Du Bois. At the same time, the naacp attacked segregation and racial inequality through the courts. It won a Supreme Court decision in 1915 against the grandfather clause (used by many southern states to prevent blacks from voting) and another in 1927 against the all-white primary.

Plessy v. Ferguson  A Supreme Court decision in 1896 that ruled "separate but equal" facilities for African Americans were constitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment, it had the effect of legalizing segregation and led to the passage of much discriminatory legislation known as Jim Crow laws.

Populist Party  Also known as the People's Party. This political party held their first national convention on July 4, 1892. The party's platform took a stern view of the state of the nation. The specific planks endorsed the subtreasury, free coinage of sliver, and other reform proposals.  Established in 1892 primarily by remnants of the Farrners' Alliance and Greenback party, it sought to inflate the currency with silver dollars and to establish an income tax but some of its platform was adopted by the Democrats in 1896 and it died out after the defeat of joint candidate William Jennings Bryan.

The Redeemers -  a loose political coalition in the post-Civil War South, consisted of prewar Democrats, Union Whigs, Confederate army veterans, and individuals interested in industrial development. They sought to "redeem" the South by undoing the changes brought about by the Civil War. Although the various groups had widely different visions of the South, they shared a commitment to reduce the scope of state government and institute stricter economic and political control of blacks. In the late 1870s Redeemers won many state and local offices by vowing to dismantle the "corrupt" Reconstruction system. They cut government spending, shortened legislative sessions, lowered politicians' salaries, scaled back public aid to railroads and corporations, and reduced support for public education. They also passed laws requiring blacks to sign labor contracts and imposing poll taxes and taxes on tools and farm animals—measures that placed an added burden on tenant farmers and sharecroppers, black and white alike. The Redeemers' policies slowed Southern economic development .

scalawags  Term used by southern Democrats to describe southern whites who worked with the Republicans. 

sharecropping  Working land in return for a share of the crops produced instead of paying cash rent. Shortage of currency in the South made sharecropping a frequent form of land tenure. Black families preferred it because it eliminated the labor gangs used in the days of slavery.  / Economic system prevalent in the South after the Civil War where tenants worked their own plots of land and paid their  landlords either a fixed rent or a share of their crop.

solid South  Refers to the fact that the South became overwhelmingly Democratic as a reaction to Republican actions during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Democratic domination of Southern politics persisted for over a century despite occasional cracks, especially in presidential elections.

Samuel J. Tilden  Governor of New York selected to run as the Democratic candidate in the 1876 presidential election. He narrowly lost what has been considered the most controversial election in American history.  see Compromise of 1877

veto/pocket veto   The president's refusal to sign a bill passed by Congress. He must send it back to Congress with his objections. Unless two-thirds of each house votes to override the president's action, the bill will not become law. A pocket veto occurs when Congress has adjourned and the president refuses to sign a bill within ten days. Because Congress is not in session, the president's action cannot be overridden. 

Booker T. Washington  A spokesman for blacks in the 1890s, he argued that African Americans should emphasize hard work and personal development rather than rebelling against their condition. 

Woman's Christian Temperance Union  - grew out of an aggressive women's temperance movement in Ohio in 1874 and became a national crusader for prohibition. After the Ohio women ended the local liquor trade with a combination of marches, negotiations, and axes wielded in saloons, they formed the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.