Ch 20 Partisan politics Associational politics The Grange The Mugwumps National American Woman Suffrage Association The Women’s Christian Temperance Union impeachment of President Johnson the spoils system Civil service reform the Hayes administration. assassination of President James Garfield the Pendleton Civil Service Act tariff issue was McKinley Tariff Act Interstate Commerce Act Sherman Antitrust Act paper currency and silver the Farmers’ Alliance The People’s Party the Omaha Platform. depression in 1893 President Cleveland Coxey’s Army. the 1896 election. McKinley the gold standard. William Jennings Bryan

Ch 21 progressivism the Social Gospel Muckrakers The gospel of efficiency Frederick Taylor. the woman’s sphere Socialism Eugene Debs Settlement houses Hull House The National Child Labor Committee compulsory school attendance Native American education Margaret Sanger county agent system immigration the Anti-Saloon League Ida Wells W.E.B. DuBois the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Women's suffrage The Nineteenth Amendment the secret ballot   The Seventeenth Amendment Theodore Roosevelt 1902 coal strike. the Bureau of Reclamation the Northern Securities Company the Hepburn Act the Pure Food and Drug Act the Meat Inspection Act William Howard Taft the Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 the Sixteenth Amendment The election of 1912 New Freedom The Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913 The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 the Federal Trade Commission The Federal Farm Loan Act assisted farmers. The Keating-Owen Act The Adamson Act Kern-McGillicuddy Act Louis Brandeis

                                                          Practice Questions               

Partisan Politics  flashcards  http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/america6_brief/flashcards/ch22.htm

Progressivism  flashcards   http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/america6_brief/flashcards/ch24.htm

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                              http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/Quizzes5-6/ Progressivism 5.htm  
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                              The American Nation: multiple choice, fill in the blank, Flashcards       
                              The American People: multiple choice, fill in the blank, Flashcards      


the Anti-Saloon League   - The league organized at the grass-roots level, working through churches and carefully questioning politicians about their views on temperance and then endorsing or opposing them accordingly, no matter what their stands on other issues, their party affiliation, or their progressivism. The league concentrated on lobbying legislatures on behalf of antiliquor laws and were especially successful in the South.

Louis Brandeis -  In 1916 Wilson named Brandeis to the Supreme Court. Brandeis's greatest contributions involved privacy and the application of the Bill of Rights. In Olmstead v. United States (1928), a decision upholding wiretapping, he entered an eloquent dissent arguing for the first time that a constitutional right of privacy exists. A few years earlier he had argued that the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applied the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech to the states. Throughout the conservative domination of the Court in the 1920s and early 1930s, Brandeis led the liberal minority in maintaining that state legislatures and Congress had the right to experiment in response to changing socioeconomic conditions.

William Jennings Bryan - In 1890, when the new Populist party disrupted Nebraska politics, Bryan won election to Congress; he was reelected in 1892. In Congress, he earned respect for his oratory and became a leader among free-silver Democrats. In 1894 he led Nebraska's Democrats to support the state Populist party. Bryan is remembered for the Cross of Gold speech favoring free silver at the 1896 Democratic convention. He became the Democratic presidential nominee. Also nominated by the Populists, Bryan agreed with their view that government should protect individuals and the democratic process against monopolistic corporations. He lost to William McKinley.

Grover Cleveland - twenty-second and twenty-fourth president of the United States - He administered the Civil Service Reform Act and  made permanent his appointees by extending the merit system to cover them. Cleveland signed the Indian Emancipation (Dawes) Act (1887) and the Interstate Commerce Act (1887).  Running for reelection in 1888 on the tariff issue, he lost to Benjamin Harrison. During his second administration, Cleveland convinced Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and negotiated unpopular bank loans in order to keep the United States on the gold standard. This alienated western and southern farmers. He outraged labor by intervening on the side of the railroads during the Pullman strike of 1894. In foreign affairs he was an anti-imperialist; he refused to annex Hawaii. Cleveland so angered Democrats that they repudiated him and adopted "free silver" in 1896

Coxey's Arrny   A movement founded by Jacob S. Coxey to help the unemployed during the depression of the 1890s, it brought out-of-work people to Washington, D.C., to demand that the federal government provide jobs and inflate the currency.
To bring his plan to the attention of Congress and the public, Coxey decided to lead an army of the unemployed. Coxey formed an organization called the Commonweal of Christ and began a march on Easter Sunday, March 25, 1894, leading 100 followers. They hoped to attract 100,000 en route and to arrive in the capital for a massive demonstration on May Day. Coxey arrived in Washington on April 30 leading an army of 500. He and the other leaders were arrested and the army rapidly disbanded.

Eugene Debs  Leader of the American Railway Union that struck in sympathy with the workers in the Pullman Palace Car Company. His experiences in this labor dispute helped persuade him to become a leader of the Socialist Party. 

W.E.B. Du Bois  Initial supporter of Booker T. Washington's policy, he later criticized Washington's methods as having “practically accepted the alleged inferiority of the Negro.“ 

The Farmers' Alliance moved to the forefront of the agrarian revolt in the 1880s, as farmers in the South and West found it increasingly difficult to survive economically. The post-Civil War deflation caused farm prices to fall, and farmers sank deeper into debt. The Alliance took the lead in creating a new farm-labor party, the People's (Populist) party in 1892. The Populist platform that year repeated nearly all the Alliance demands, and although the defeat of the Populists in 1896 finished both the party and the Alliance, many of the reforms they had advocated were eventually adopted.(government control of transportation and communication, a "subtreasury" scheme for agricultural credit, reforms of currency, land ownership, and income tax policies)

Federal Reserve System - The central banking system of the United States, established with passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, charged with the responsibility of managing the country's money supply through such means as lowering or raising interest rates. A presidentially appointed board of seven members (the Federal Reserve Board) oversees the twelve regional banks of the Federal Reserve System.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC), established in 1914 as part of President Woodrow Wilson's effort to combat trusts, is an independent regulatory agency charged with ensuring free and fair competition among the nation's businesses (except for banks and common carriers, which are supervised by other agencies). The FTC was initially intended to carry out its regulatory functions primarily through economic planning, serving as a clearinghouse of information, publicizing examples of unfair competition, and advising the president and Congress on legislation.

James A. Garfield - When the Republican National Convention deadlocked between the Stalwart supporters of Ulysses S. Grant and his rivals, the delegates turned to Garfield, nominating him on the thirty-sixth ballot. In November he defeated the Democratic candidate, Winfield Scott Hancock, by less than ten thousand popular votes. Shot by Charles J. Guiteau

Grangers  Members of the Patrons of Husbandry, a farmers' organization. The Patrons of Husbandry led an agrarian movement—involving many non-Grange farmers' clubs and political parties—that created hundreds of cooperatives, founded banks, pushed through legislation regulating railroads and grain elevators, and campaigned for political candidates

Rutherford B. Hayes   ordered federal troops to cease protecting the last two Republican governors in the South but only after he extracted promises from incoming Democrats to protect the civil rights of blacks. Hayes vetoed popular legislation to prevent Chinese laborers from migrating to the United States and to expand the currency (Congress passed the Bland-Allison Silver Act over his objections). During the railroad strike of 1877, he avoided a confrontation between strikers and federal forces. Hayes insisted that the merit system be applied in the New York Customhouse and Post Office and demonstrated the practicality of civil service reform.

Interstate Commerce Act  Passed by Congress in 1887, this law set up an Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), that could investigate complaints of railroad misconduct or file suite against the companies. 

muckrakers  A term coined by Theodore Roosevelt as a criticism of writers who wrote about scandalous situations and distasteful alliances involving money. Muckraking grew out of two related developments of the era—a changing journalism and the reform impulse. The name became a badge of honor among "muckrakers" determined to expose the seedy, sordid side of life in the United States. They sought to shock the public into recognizing the shameful state of political, economic, and social affairs and to prompt people into action. Much of their work was published in cheap magazines of the time.  Most of their articles focused on business and political corruption, such as Ida Tarbell's series on Standard Oil, Lincoln Steffens's investigations of scandals in city and state politics, and Upton Sinclair's exposé of the meat-packing industry. Other subjects included insurance and stock manipulation, the exploitation of child labor, slum conditions, and racial discrimination. From 1902 to 1912, over a thousand such articles were published in magazines specializing in the genre, including McClure's, Everybody's, and Collier's.

The mugwumps were a group of Independent Republicans who left their party in the presidential election of 1884 to vote for Grover Cleveland on the Democratic ticket. When the Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland in July 1884, the mugwumps deserted the Republicans and campaigned for him, raising funds and making speeches. Once in office, Cleveland proved to be a less aggressive reformer than his liberal backers had hoped, and a number of them deserted him during his unsuccessful campaign for reelection against Republican Benjamin Harrison in 1888.

The National American Woman Suffrage Association (nawsa), founded in 1890, united two suffragist organizations that had pursued opposing policies in the years after the Civil War. The National Woman Suffrage Association (nwsa), founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1869, had agitated for a federal constitutional amendment that would give women the vote, whereas the American Woman Suffrage Association (awsa), organized the same year by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe sought action through the state legislatures.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909-1910 in New York City by a group of white and black intellectuals. United in their opposition to the gradualism preached by Booker T. Washington, the naacp leaders sought, first, to make whites aware of the need for racial equality. To do this, the organization launched a program of speechmaking, lobbying, and publicizing the issue. It also started a magazine, the Crisis, which was edited for years by the black leader W. E. B. Du Bois. At the same time, the naacp attacked segregation and racial inequality through the courts. It won a Supreme Court decision in 1915 against the grandfather clause (used by many southern states to prevent blacks from voting) and another in 1927 against the all-white primary.

Democratic candidate, Woodrow Wilson, formulated what he called the " New Freedom." Federal power, he argued, should be used only to sweep away social, economic, and political privilege and to restore business competition. Corporate monopolies, which were the great bugbear of the age, should be dismantled rather than regulated. Wilson also denounced Roosevelt's social and labor policies as paternalistic, arguing that the New Nationalism would sap entrepreneurial initiative and that it was potentially despotic. Untrammeled free enterprise had to remain the basis of American freedom.  

Populist Party  Also known as the People's Party. This political party held their first national convention on July 4, 1892. The party's platform took a stern view of the state of the nation. The specific planks endorsed the subtreasury, free coinage of sliver, and other reform proposals.  Established in 1892 primarily by remnants of the Farrners' Alliance and Greenback party, it sought to inflate the currency with silver dollars and to establish an income tax but some of its platform was adopted by the Democrats in 1896 and it died out after the defeat of joint candidate William Jennings Bryan.

Pure Food and Drug Act  Following the "embalmed beef" scandal of the Spanish-American War in 1898 (this concerned the quality of food supplied to U.S. troops), Charles Edward Russell produced a series of articles exposing the greed and corruption of the Beef Trust. Samuel Hopkins Adams demonstrated that patent medicines were often pernicious compounds of alcohol and other drugs. Then, in January 1906, Upton Sinclair published his best-selling novel The Jungle, replete with hair-raising descriptions of the manner in which meat products were prepared in the Chicago stockyards. A Pure Food and Drug Act was passed on June 30, 1906. The act forbade foreign and interstate commerce in adulterated or fraudulently labeled food and drugs. Products could now be seized and condemned, and offending persons could be fined and jailed.

Theodore Roosevelt  26th President of the U.S. became the youngest president in the nation's history after the assassination of McKinley. He led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy. He drove through Congress legislation creating the Bureau of Corporations and strengthening the regulation of railroads. He also supported regulation of the food and drug industries. But his most significant accomplishment was probably the transfer of 125 million acres of public land into the forest reserves, the doubling of national parks, the creation of sixteen national monuments, and the establishment of fifty-one wildlife refuges. He arranged to construct a canal through Panama. He assumed in the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American states. And he facilitated, and to some extent mediated, the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905.
 
Margaret Sanger  became active in radical politics, joining the Socialist party and working with the Industrial Workers of the World in supporting several militant strikes. From this network she absorbed feminist ideas and came to agree with Emma Goldman that women had a right to control their sexual and reproductive lives. Her work as a nurse with the poor further convinced her that birth control was vital to women's health and freedom.

settlement houses - The settlement movement was part of a broad attempt to preserve human values in an urban and industrial age. Samuel A. Barnett, an Anglican clergyman, founded Toynbee Hall, the first settlement in the slums of East London in 1884. The settlement idea, as formulated by Barnett, was to have university men "settle" in a working-class neighborhood where they would not only help relieve poverty and despair but also learn something about the real world from the people of the slums.
Several Americans were influenced by the English experiment including Stanton Coit who founded Neighborhood Guild, the first American settlement, on the Lower East Side of New York City in 1886. In 1889 Jane Addams and her Rockford College classmate, Ellen Starr, founded Hull-House (soon to be the most famous settlement) in a run-down mansion on the West Side of Chicago.

Sherman Antitrust Act   passed in 1890 to break up trusts and monopolies, it was rarely enforced except against labor unions and most of its power was stripped away by the Supreme Court, but it began federal attempts to prevent unfair, anti-competitive business practices.

Social gospel, also known as Christian socialism, was a moral reform movement of the late nineteenth century that helped pave the way for the progressive movement. Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the 1880s and 1890s aroused the interest of many Protestant clergymen in the need to secure social justice for the poor. They aimed to expand their appeal in the cities, where the Roman Catholic church was especially popular among the large immigrant population. The leaders of the social gospel movement were Washington Gladden, who sympathized with workers and urged them to seek unity in Christianity, William Dwight Porter Bliss, who worked with the Knights of Labor and the Socialist party, and especially Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist minister in New York City who called for a democratic cooperative society to be achieved by nonviolent means.

Socialism - German-American immigrants, along with Jewish immigrants at the end of the century and other groups, established a roughly Marxian socialist presence within labor organizations, ethnic newspapers, mutual benefit societies, and cultural associations in large cities and small industrial towns. During the national railroad strike of 1877, the few thousand organized socialists contributed speakers, leaflets, and in the case of St. Louis (governed briefly by a strike committee), insurrectionary political leaders. In the working-class drive of the middle 1880s for an eight-hour day and for local labor parties, socialists (and "revolutionary socialists," or anarchists) often took a leading regional or local role—and suffered the brunt of the murderous repression following the Haymarket Square incident in which a bomb thrown by persons unknown killed a number of Chicago policemen.

The spoils system was the name given by critics to the policy of filling government offices with adherents of the winning political party. The system became associated with corruption, and public dissatisfaction mounted. In 1881, a man said to be a disappointed office seeker assassinated President James A. Garfield. The Pendleton Act was passed two years later, establishing the Civil Service Commission. This law started the process of separating federal appointments from considerations of political loyalty.

William Howard Taft  - twenty-seventh president of the United States and chief justice - Taft instituted twice as many antitrust proceedings as Roosevelt had, and he signed a number of long-deferred measures, including a corporation tax, into law. Constitutional amendments for an income tax and direct election of senators were also approved during his administration, due to a coalition of progressive Republicans and Democrats

Frederick Taylor - Taylorism, a system originated by Frederick Taylor and publicized in his book The Principles of Scientific Management (1911), was designed to increase industrial output by rationalizing the production process. Taylor concluded that to increase production, managers must take control of the process, starting by doing time studies of each factory job. This involved observing workers carefully, analyzing each step in terms of time spent and energy expended, and using the results to determine the best method for each task. This standard method would be required of every worker, with scaled piecework rates providing incentives for higher output.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union  - grew out of an aggressive women's temperance movement in Ohio in 1874 and became a national crusader for prohibition. After the Ohio women ended the local liquor trade with a combination of marches, negotiations, and axes wielded in saloons, they formed the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.