Ch 22   American imperialism social Darwinism Mahan William H. Seward James G. Blaine Pan-American Union. Hawaii Chile and Venezuela Cuban revolution Jose Marti Spanish-American War the Maine The Teller Amendment Admiral Dewey The Treaty of Paris the Philippines The Anti-Imperialist League Filipino-American War Emilio Aguinaldo China and the Open Door John Hay the Boxer Rebellion The Russo-Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth Gentlemen’s Agreement annexation of Puerto Rico Platt Amendment The Panama Canal The Roosevelt Corollary Dollar Diplomacy Taft Wilson the Mexican Revolution

Ch 23 Franz Ferdinand propaganda the Central Powers. economic issues neutrality Declaration of London submarine warfare Lusitania the Sussex Pledge military preparedness. election of 1916 the Zimmerman Telegram the war economy Railroad Board The Food Administration War Labor Board Liberty Bonds Committee on Public Information Espionage Acts Sedition Act of 1918 war to end all wars Selective Service Act of 1917 Bolshevik Revolution armistice on November 11, 1918. The Fourteen Points League of Nations. Paris Peace Conference battle over the League influenza epidemic The Red Scare The election of 1920 Warren G. Harding

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                              Spanish American War Quiz   
                              The American Nation: Multiple Choice, Fill in the Blank, Flash Cards   
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                              The American Nation:  
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                              The American People    
                              Causes of WWI      

Emilio Aguinaldo was the Philippines' revolutionary leader, first against the Spanish and then, after the end of the Spanish- American War, against the Americans.

anti-imperialists  This league was created during the last two years of McKinley's first term to unite the opposition against McKinley's foreign policy.  The Anti-Imperialist League was founded in November 1898 to oppose America's territorial expansion, especially the acquisition of the Philippine Islands. The league opposed the annexation of Hawaii, the passage of the peace treaty ending the Spanish-American War which included the United States' acquisition of the Philippines), and the military campaign against the Filipino rebels. It pressed its case through meetings, petitions, pamphlets, and speeches. Most league members favored American economic expansion, but they argued that the country's economic goals could be better achieved through free trade than through political domination.

Big Stick Diplomacy   The proclaimed foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt, it was based on the proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick," and advocated the threat of force to achieve the United States' goals, especially in the Western Hemisphere.

James G. Blaine -  identified with the moderate "Half-Breed" Republicanism that opposed the "Stalwart" faction of his bitter enemy Roscoe Conkling of New York. He pursued better relations with Latin America through the Pan-American Conference of 1889 and advocated reciprocal trade agreements and the annexation of Hawaii.

Coaling Stations were necessary in the late 19th century so that steamships that burned coal could refuel. A navy that could protect trade interests required coaling stations. The need for coaling stations was one of the reasons the US annexed several islands Hawaii) during and after the Spanish American War, especially Guam, and the Philippines.

George Dewey  On May 1, 1898 he inflicted a decisive defeat on the Spanish navy at Manila Bay in the Philippine Islands. 

Dollar Diplomacy -  the term used to describe America's efforts—particularly under President William Howard Taft—to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and the Far East through the use of economic power. President Theodore Roosevelt laid the groundwork for this approach in 1905 with his Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, maintaining that if any nation in the Western Hemisphere appeared politically or fiscally so unstable as to be vulnerable to European control, the United States had the right and obligation to intervene. Taft continued and expanded this policy, starting in Central America, where he justified it as a means of protecting the Panama Canal. In 1909 he attempted unsuccessfully to establish control over Honduras by buying up its debt to British bankers.

Espionage Act of 1917 - Congress responded to a growing fear that public criticism of the war effort would make it difficult to conscript the needed manpower for American participation. Also contributing to widespread unease were the actions of labor groups, especially the Industrial Workers of the World IWW), who proclaimed their sympathy for laborers through the world, including those in Russia. Legislation provided penalties of 20 years imprisonment and fines up to $10,000 for those convicted of interfering with military recruitment.

Franz Ferdinand  Austrian archduke murdered along with his wife in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Austria's response to the dual murder led to the beginnings of World War I. 

Foraker Act 1900)  provided a government for Puerto Rico. This enabled the U.S. to dominate trade with Puerto Rico. It gave most power in Puerto Rico to US-appointed officials.

Fourteen Points  Wilson's Peace Program. Among the key provisions were freedom of the seas, free trade, and more open diplomacy.  The first five of the Fourteen Points dealt with issues of broad international concern: 1. Open diplomacy.
2. Freedom of the seas. 3. Removal of economic barriers.  4. Reduction of armaments.  5. Adjustment of colonial claims.

The Gentlemen's Agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907-1908 represented an effort by President Theodore Roosevelt to calm growing tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese workers. A treaty with Japan in 1894 had assured free immigration, but as the number of Japanese workers in California increased, they were met with growing hostility. In August 1900, Japan agreed to deny passports to laborers seeking to enter the United States; this, however, did not stop the many workers who obtained passports to Canada, Mexico, or Hawaii and then moved on to the United States. Racial antagonism intensified, fed by inflammatory articles in the press. The Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan was concluded in the form of a Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers intending to enter the United States and recognizing the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports originally issued for other countries.

The U.S. annexation of the Hawaiian Islands on July 7, 1898, was the culmination of more than fifty years of growing U.S. commercial interests in Hawaii. American investors in the sugar industry gradually increased their control over the islands' economic and political life. In 1887 they overthrew the local rulers and established a government favorable to their interests. But in 1891 they suffered a setback, when the new queen, Liliuokalani, replaced the liberal constitution they had secured with one giving her extensive personal powers. The use of the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor during the Spanish-American War demonstrated Hawaii's importance.  Annexation was approved by joint resolution of Congress.

The Insular Cases were a series of Supreme Court cases in 1901 in which the Court ruled that the Constitution and American laws did not all necessarily apply to colonies. Instead, Congress would decide which laws applied. This would allow the US to limit citizenship of the inhabitants of its new territories.

Jingoism was an attitude of excessive nationalism. Jingoes supported war for empire.

Lusitania  British steamship hit by a German torpedo in May of 1915. The loss of life was immense. Among the nearly 100 passengers who died were 128 Americans. 

Alfred Thayer Mahan - The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1890), which became the most influential book on strategy and foreign policy in his time. He argued that naval power resulted from geographical position, excess production, proper national character, and a supportive government. He influenced Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt to follow the policies dictated by his insight: continual expansion overseas; the taking of Caribbean islands, Hawaii, the Philippines, and other Pacific territory for bases the navy needed to protect commerce; building an isthmian canal so the fleet and freighters could quickly move ocean to ocean; and, of course, constructing the great navy.

The USS Maine was sent to Cuba at the beginning of 1898. When the ship exploded on February 15, 1898, it gave the US an excuse to go to war, even though the cause of the explosion was not clear.

Open Door Note  Policy set forth in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay preventing further partitioning of China by European powers, and protecting the principle of free trade.

Panama Canal - A French company under Ferdinand de Lesseps had started construction of a sea-level canal in Panama in 1881, but the project went bankrupt after a few years. Congress ratified the Hay-Herrán Treaty, which granted the United States a strip of land ten miles wide across the isthmus for $10 million in cash and an annuity of $250,000 per year. But the senate of Colombia, hoping for a higher price, refused to approve the treaty. Shortly thereafter November 3, 1903), a Panamanian uprising was engineered by Philippe Bunau-Varilla a representative of the New Panama Canal Company), other canal supporters, and some local residents. The United States provided indirect support and promptly recognized the new Republic of Panama. Within a week the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed, granting the United States a renewable ninety-nine-year lease on the Canal Zone in exchange for the same payment that had been offered to New Granada. The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate in February 1904.

Platt Amendment  1901) to the Cuban constitution by which the US was allowed certain concessions, including the right to maintain Guantanamo naval base in Cuba.

Puerto Rico became an American colony as a result of the war with Spain in 1898. American troops occupied the island in July of that year virtually without opposition, and the Treaty of Paris in December gave the United States control of the island. Expansionists and anti-imperialists hotly debated whether the nation could "Americanize" the Puerto Ricans, most of whom appeared willing to accept American rule.

Red Scare  1919-1920 - Fear of internal subversion. Many Americans assumed that there existed a radical movement determined to establish a Communist government in the United States.  The end of the fighting in Europe did not bring peace and security to the United States. Hatred of the brutal “Huns” was quickly replaced by a fear of anarchists, communists and immigrants. In April 1919, the Post Office discovered 38 bombs that hade been mailed to leading American politicians and capitalists. Shortly thereafter, an Italian anarchist was blown up outside Attorney General Palmer’s residence. Law enforcement official became convinced that a radical plot was underway. A series of so-called “Palmer Raids” was launched on November 7, 1919 — the second anniversary of the October Revolution in Russia. Thousands of anarchists and communists were rounded up, many of whom were detained for long periods without being formally charged. In December, in a highly publicized move, more than 200 alien detainees were deported to Finland and later to Russia.

Theodore Roosevelt  26th President of the U.S. became the youngest president in the nation's history after the assassination of McKinley. He brought new excitement and power to the Presidency, as he vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy 

Roosevelt Corollary  Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine  This was Theodore Roosevelt's "amendment" to the Monroe Doctrine. In 1904, the government of the Dominican Republic was bankrupt, and Roosevelt feared that foreign nations, especially Germany, might intervene forcibly to collect their debts. To keep other powers out and ensure financial solvency, Roosevelt issued his corollary: "Chronic wrongdoing ... may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation," he announced in his annual message to Congress in December 1904, "and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power." Roosevelt tied his policy to the Monroe Doctrine to win public acceptance.

Rough Riders - A group of volunteers in the US Army who fought in the Spanish-American War. Although termed the Rough Riders, most of their horses did not arrive in Cuba, and the Rough Riders actually walked. The group was led by Colonel Leonard Wood and Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Roosevelt.

William H. Seward  secretary of state under Lincoln - After the war, he induced the French to leave Mexico and purchased Alaska called at the time "Seward's icebox") from Russia.

Social Darwinism  A philosophy that allegedly showed how closely the social history of humans resembled the physical evolution of animals the biological evolution documented by English botanist Charles Darwin with his principle of “survival of the fittest“). According to this theory, human social history could be understood as a struggle among races, with the strongest and the fittest invariably triumphing. 

socialism  A political theory that in the early twentieth century stood for the transfer of control from a few industrialists to the laboring masses. Socialists believed that such a transfer, usually defined in terms of government ownership and operation of economic institutions, would make it impossible for wealthy elites to control society. 

Sussex Pledge -  The French steamer Sussex was mistaken for a minelayer and torpedoed by a German U-boat. President Wilson addressed the Congress and issued an ultimatum to the Germans: End the attack on unarmed ships or risk the severing of diplomatic relations. Germany responded to Wilson's demands on with what is called the "Sussex Pledge." German submarine policy would henceforth be governed by promises to: end the sinking of passenger ships and search merchant ships for contraband and make provisions for passengers and crews before sinking merchant ships  The German guarantees were generally honored until the announcement of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917.

Yellow journalism -  sensationalist journalism practiced by Hearst and Pulitzer to boost circulation.

Zimmermann Telegram  Telegram from German Foreign Minister Arnold Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico pledging a Mexican-German alliance against the United States, which brought the United States into World War I.  British intelligence intercepted and decoded this secret German diplomatic telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico. It dangled the return to Mexico of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas as bait to entice the Mexicans to enter the war on the German side.