Ch 24
assembly line.
electricity
automobile industry
aviation, radio, and motion pictures
welfare capitalism
open shop
1921 depression
Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover
Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon
Teapot Dome Scandal
urbanization
black migration
United Negro Improvement Association
barrios
League of United Latin American Citizens
suburbia
shopping centers,  drive-in restaurants, fast food franchises
advertising
theaters
radio
the phonograph
baseball, boxing, and football
new morality
bootleg liquor
the Lost Generation
Nativism and immigration restriction
The National Origins Act of 1924
The Ku Klux Klan
Prohibition
the Volstead Act
the Scopes Trial
Clarence Darrow
William Jennings Bryan
peace movement.
Naval disarmament conferences
the Kellogg-Briand Pact
The Inter-American Conference Herbert Hoover
Al Smith
 Ch 25
stock market crash
Hoovervilles
Soup kitchens
working women
Families in the Depression
Black unemployment
Hispanic Americans
voluntary private relief
the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
The 1932 election
the Bonus Army.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
the New Deal
the Emergency Banking Act.
the Glass-Steagall Act
the Home Owners Loan Corporation
the Farm Credit Administration
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration
the Civil Works Administration
the Public Works Administration
the Civilian Conservation Corps
the Agricultural Adjustment Administration
the National Industrial Recovery Act
 the American Liberty League
Francis Townsend
Father Coughlin
Huey Long
Share-Our-Wealth Society
the Wagner Act
the National Labor Relations Board
the Social Security Act
the Banking Act
the Revenue Act
the Resettlement Administration 
the Dust Bowl.
the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
the Works Progress Administration
the National Youth Administration
the election of 1936
Alf Landon.
the Committee for Industrial Organization
the Congress of Industrial Organizations
women and the New Deal
Frances Perkins
the Tennessee Valley Authority
court-packing
Good Neighbor policy
fascism and Nazism
the Munich agreement

                                                           Practice Questions          

Practice Quizzes    http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/USQuizzes/ Roaring20s 1.htm
                               http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/USQuizzes/ Roaring20s 2.htm    
                               http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/USQuizzes/ Roaring20s 3.htm  
                               http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/Quizzes5-6 / Roaring20s -5.htm
                               Depression Image Quiz   
                               The American Nation - multiple choice, true false, fill in the blanks, flashcards
                               http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/USQuizzes/ NewDeal 1.htm  
                               http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/USQuizzes/ NewDeal 2.htm    
                               http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/USQuizzes/ NewDeal 3.htm
                               http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/Quizzes5-6/ NewDeal 5.htm    
                               New Deal Image Quiz    

Agricultural Adjustment Act  Created under Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal program, its purpose was to help farmers by reducing production of staple crops, thus raising farm prices and encouraging more diversified farming. 

bank holiday  Term Roosevelt used shortly after taking office to describe his plan to prevent any more panic runs on the nation's banks. He ordered all the nationUs banks closed for a "bank holiday." 

Mary McLoud Bethune  American educator who sought improved racial relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans. She was part of the U.S. delegation to the first United Nations meeting (1945). 

Black Thursday  October 29, 1929, the day the spectacular New York Stock Market crash began. 

Bonus Army  Thousands of veterans, determined to collect promised cash bonuses early, came to Washington during the summer of 1932 to listen to Congress debate the bonus proposal. 

bootlegging The unauthorized manufacture, distribution or sale of a product. Descriptive of the efforts of organized crime and small-time liquor producers during the Prohibition era. In later times, a means to avoid heavy taxation on an item (cigarettes) or high prices (audio and video tapes, CDs and DVDs). Often synonymous with smuggling. In years past, smugglers might hide items in their boots to avoid detection by authorities. 

brain trust  Several prominent academics recruited as a source of ideas for the Roosevelt campaign to write speeches.  These men played a key role in shaping the New Deal.

Civil Works Administration  Aimed at creating jobs and restoring self-respect by handing out pay envelopes instead of relief checks. In reality, workers sometimes performed worthless tasks, known as “boondoggles.“ However, much of the $1 billion budget was spent on projects of lasting value such as airports and roads. 

Civilian Conservation Corps  One of the New Deal's most popular programs, it took unemployed young men from the cities and put them to work on conservation projects in the country.  It was a public works project intended to promote environmental conservation and to build good citizens through vigorous, disciplined outdoor labor. President Franklin D. Roosevelt believed that this civilian "tree army" would relieve the rural unemployed and keep youth "off the city street corners." By September 1935 over 500,000 young men had lived in CCC camps, most staying from six months to a year. The work focused on soil conservation and reforestation. Most important, the men planted millions of trees on land made barren from fires, natural erosion, or lumbering—in fact, the ccc was responsible for over half the reforestation, public and private, done in the nation's history. Corpsmen also dug canals and ditches, built over thirty thousand wildlife shelters, stocked rivers and lakes with nearly a billion fish, restored historic battlefields, and cleared beaches and campgrounds.

court packing  Scheme by Roosevelt designed to prevent the conservative Supreme Court from dismantling his New Deal.
Although Roosevelt presented his plan as a simple organizational reform, he was motivated by the opposition that New Deal legislation had been encountering in the federal courts, most notably the Supreme Court's recent invalidation of such laws as the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Railroad Retirement Act, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The president proposed that the federal judiciary be expanded by adding one new judge for each sitting justice over the age of seventy; a total of fifty new judgeships could be created, including a maximum of six on the Supreme Court.

Dust Bowl  The name given to areas of the U.S. prairie states that suffered ecological devastation in the 1930s.  The 150,000-square-mile Great Plains area, encompassing the Oklahoma and Texas panhandles and neighboring sections of Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico, has little rainfall, light soil, and high winds, a potentially destructive combination. Ranchers and farmers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, driven by the American agricultural ethos of expansion and a sense of autonomy from nature, aggressively exploited the land and set up the region for ecological disaster. High grain prices during World War I enticed farmers to plow up millions of acres of natural grass cover to plant wheat. When drought struck from 1934 to 1937, the soil lacked the stronger root system of grass as an anchor, so the winds easily picked up the loose topsoil and swirled it into dense dust clouds, called "black blizzards." Recurrent dust storms wreaked havoc, choking cattle and pasture lands and driving 60 percent of the population from the region. Most of these "exodusters" went to agricultural areas first and then to cities, especially in the Far West.

fascism  Type of highly centralized (authoritarian) government that uses terror and violence to suppress opposition. Its rigid social and economic controls often incorporated strong nationalism and racism. Fascist governments were dominated by strong authority figures or dictators - willing to use military action to solve international disputes and to control every aspect of the nation's existence — political, social, religious and economic. First applied to Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party in Italy in the 1920s, and later to Adolf Hitler's National Socialist Workers' Party in Germany and Francisco Franco's Falange Española Tradicionalista in Spain. 

fireside chats  Series of inspirational radio addresses by President Roosevelt. He spoke in a plain and friendly voice to the American people. 

flappers  Young, single, middle-class women who wore their hair and dresses short, rolled their stockings down, used cosmetics, and smoked in public. They were signaling their desire for independence and equality, but not through politics. The new female personality was endowed with self-reliance, outspokenness, and a new appreciation for the pleasures of life. 

Good Neighbor policy Franklin D. Roosevelt is usually credited with setting the policy, but President Herbert Hoover coined the phrase and put the policy into practice. In Latin America, Hoover withdrew Marines from Nicaragua and Haiti. In 1930, the State Department renounced the Roosevelt Corollary.  During the war the administration went to great lengths to ensure Latin American cooperation in the war effort, both to keep strategic raw materials flowing and to deny the Axis any base of operation against the Panama Canal or the United States

Great Migration - a labor shortage in the industrial North, stimulated the migration of Southern blacks to northern cities. In the South, the rise of Jim Crow and the disfranchisement of black voters provided an impetus for individuals and families to move. Widespread flooding and the infestation of cotton by the boll weevil created additional economic woes in the rural South.
War in Europe stretched American industrial capacity to its limits. Many businesses now hired anyone they could get, and black men and white women found new jobs and industries open to them. Although most blacks obtained only semiskilled and service jobs and their wages were usually lower than those received by white men and women for the same work, they earned  more than they could in the South.

Hoovervilles - Shanty towns of the Great Depression, named after President Herbert Hoover. Makeshift “village,“ usually on the edge of a city, with “homes“ constructed of cardboard, scrap metal, or whatever was cheaply available. President Hoover,  was despised by the poor for his apparent refusal to help.

Harry Hopkins  Roosevelt's choice to run the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. He eventually became Roosevelt's closest advisor.

Ku Klux Klan - A secret organization founded in the southern states during Reconstruction to terrorize and intimidate former slaves and prevent them from voting or holding public office. Officially disbanded in 1869, a second anti-black, anti-Catholic, and anti-Semitic Klan emerged in 1915 that aimed to preserve "Americanism."

John L. Lewis  American labor leader who was president of the United Mine Workers of America (1920-1960) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1935-1940). 

Huey Long  As a populist but dictatorial governor of Louisiana (1928-1932), he instituted major public works legislation, and as a U.S. Senator (1930-1935) he proposed a national Share-The-Wealth program.  Long voiced populist resentments that many depression-era Americans felt toward "wealthy plutocrats." He promised, through his implausible Share-Our-Wealth Plan, a radical redistribution of wealth: confiscatory taxes would scale down large fortunes, and the revenue would be used to guarantee everyone a minimum annual income of twenty-five hundred dollars. By 1935, he had launched his own national political organization (the Share-Our-Wealth clubs) and was talking openly of running for president the next year against Roosevelt.

margin  Part of an investment purchased with credit. As used by the stock market in the 1920s, many investors bought on margin or with only a small down payment (sometimes as little as ten percent). The remainder of the investment was borrowed from stock brokers or banks. Investors expected to resell their stocks within a few months at much higher prices, repay the loan, and make a good profit. When prices began falling, creditors began demanding that margin investors repay their loans, which forced stocks to be sold and decreased their prices. 

National Industrial Recovery Act  In response to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's congressional message of May 17, 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act, an emergency measure designed to encourage industrial recovery and help combat widespread unemployment. 

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRb.  a five-person federal agency charged with regulating the process of collective bargaining between American employers and their workers. The nlrb serves, in effect, as a court of appeals, investigating and resolving charges of unfair labor practices and elections for union representation.

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was a New Deal agency designed to organize the stabilization and revival of the nation's economy; it was established under the National Industrial Recovery Act, June 16, 1933. Under NRA supervision, each sector of the economy was to develop an industrywide code, setting standards for production, prices, and wages. These codes would have the force of law and would be exempt from antitrust provisions. Labor supported Section 7, which required that each code specify maximum hours, minimum wages, safe working conditions, and (under Section 7a) workers' right to organize. The NRA awarded a "Blue Eagle" to each participating company, and  codeswere developed by most major industries. Criticism mounted as it became clear that the largest firms were shaping the codes to suit their own priorities, with little input from labor, consumers, or the NRA staff. At the same time, business was growing hostile to the provisions protecting labor and to the codes' administrative complexity.

New Deal - President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's program designed to bring about economic recovery and reform during the Great Depression.

Okies  Dispossessed migrant tenant farmers and sharecroppers who left the Great Plains for the West Coast, mainly California. Known as Okies because so many of them were driven from Oklahoma by the harsh conditions of the Dust Bowl, they numbered several million. 

The Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, created by the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, became the first national peacetime effort to create jobs. Eventually known as the Public Works Administration (PWA), this New Deal program spent over $6 billion to shore up the nation's infrastructure while combating unemployment. Under Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes's direction, the PWA constructed or improved highways, dams, low-cost housing, airports, warships, and other public projects. States and cities provided supervision in some cases, under PWA guidelines. Congress required that human labor be used "in lieu of machinery whenever practicable" to maximize employment. By the close of 1933, thirteen thousand federal projects and twenty-five hundred locally supervised projects were under way.

Frances Perkins - U.S. secretary of labor - first female cabinet member in U.S. history  - Perkins helped through the Social Security Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Eleanor Roosevelt  American diplomat, writer, and First Lady of the United States (1933-1945) as the wife of President

Franklin D. Roosevelt. 32nd President of the U.S. he assumed the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression and he helped the American people regain faith in themselves. He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, and asserted in his Inaugural Address, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself 

Scopes Trial - the "Monkey Trial."- The 1925 trial of John Scopes for teaching Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Scopes was arrested in Dayton, Tennessee, for teaching evolution in his high school biology class. He was charged with violating a state law that prohibited the teaching in public schools of any theory that conflicted with the biblical story of the Creation. William Jennings Bryan argued the state's case, and Clarence Darrow led the defense team, which was financed by the American Civil Liberties Union.The case, which received national attention, was the first jury trial brought to the public by live radio broadcasts.
Al Smith  A vigorous reformer as governor of New York, he became the first Roman Catholic to win the nomination of a major party for President of the U.S. 

Created during the first Hundred Days session of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency in 1933, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) brought power to rural areas along the Tennessee River in seven states. Roosevelt sought a coordinated plan involving industrialization, soil conservation, reforesting, and the provision of electricity in the seven-state area. The measure set up the TVA board to construct dams and power plants in Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. The agency eventually built five dams, improved twenty others, and constructed a system of inland waterways.

The Volstead Act (National Prohibition Enforcement Act), passed on October 28, 1919, provided for enforcement of the recently ratified Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The act, passed over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, further specified the provisions of the Eighteenth Amendment, delineated fines and prison terms for violation of the law, empowered the Bureau of Internal Revenue to administer Prohibition, and classified as alcoholic all beverages containing more than one-half of 1 percent alcohol by volume. Drinking was generally thought to have declined, but it continued uninterrupted in many parts of the country, particularly in large cities.

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was established under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of April 1935 to create public jobs for the unemployed. Although responsibility for the unemployable (children, the aged, and the disabled. was returned to the states, the wpa under the direction of Harry L. Hopkins created millions of jobs for those who could work, averaging an enrollment of about 2 million.  The WPA concentrated on physical improvements: building streets, highways, bridges, public buildings, and airfields, clearing slums, restoring forests, and extending electrical power to rural areas. The WPA National Youth Administration (NYA) gave work to nearly a million students; the Federal Theatre, Arts, Music, and Writers' Projects brought music and drama to the smallest communities, commissioned public sculptures, paintings, and murals, sponsored surveys of national archives, and produced a series of state and regional travel guides.

"yellow-dog" contracts  Written pledges by employees promising not to join a union while they were employed.