I. Origins
   A. agricultural improvements increased
        food supply
      i. new farming methods
        a. Jethro Tull - mechanical seed drill for
            planting 1701/learned to aerate the soil
        b. Charles Townshed - turnips, fertilizer
planting clover improved the soil by transferring nitrogen to the ground clover and turnips could be stored and fed to livestock during the winter
        c. Robert Bakewell
            selective breeding of cattle and sheep
          1. Improved the size and health of his animals through careful selection and inbreeding.
          2. England tripled its meat supply and produced Shorthorn, Hereford, and Devon cattle, Leicester sheep, and Berkshire hogs.
      ii. new crops - corn, potatoes
      iii. enclosure   movement
        a. farmers put up fences to contain livestock,
            manage fields
        b. parliament - Enclosure Act (1760)
   B. lower prices
   C. increased population growth
      England had markets at home and abroad
   D. surplus income for investment
entrepreneurs supplied capital, bought machines
II. Great Britain's advantages
   A. surplus labor supply
   B. natural resources
   C. banks and investment capital
   D. entrepreneurs
  E. transportation - rivers, new roads, bridges,
       canals
  F. colonial markets
  G. The government encouraged industry
III. Technological Changes
  A. the Textile Industry
     i. new inventions
       a. domestic system   - workers did work
           in their own homes
           handloom weavers
           carding
           cloth merchants
           Woollen Industry
       b. John Kay   - invented
           flying shuttle     (1733)
       c. James Hargreaves    -
           spinning jenny   (1764)
       d. Richard Arkwright   -
           water frame       (1769)
          Richard Arkwright
       e. Samuel Crompton   -
           spinning mule    (1775 - 79)
       f. Edmund Cartwright   -
          power loom         (1785)
       g. Eli Whitney  - cotton gin (1793)
           Cotton Industry
     ii. factory system - factories built near rivers
          -- water power
 B. The  Steam Engine
     i.  Thomas Newcomen
     ii. James Watt's improvement
        a. James Watt   - engineer, developed coal
            burning steam engine
 C. New Iron-making processes
    i. William Kelly and Henry Bessemer
      a. Henry Bessemer   - quick and cheap
          method of making steel from iron
 D. Effect on the transportation industry
    i. George Stephenson   - first to develop a
       practical locomotive
      a. 1829 - The Rocket   entered the
          Rainhill Trials
      b. transportation became cheaper
The Spread of Railways in the 19th Century
  Isambard Kingdom Brunel
      industrialization fostered  the transition
      from agrarian economy and rural life to
      industrial / consumer economy and urban
      expansion
 E. Factories
    i. low wages
       Working Hours in Factories
    ii. lack of food
        Factory Food
    iii. child labor
         Child Labor
         scavengers
         Child Piercers
         Workhouse Children
         Apprentice Houses
         Robert Blincoe
         William Dodd
         David Rowland
         Joseph Hebergam
         John Birley
         William Hutton
         Benjamin Gomersal
Age of Workers in Cotton Mills in Lancashire 1833
         Manchester's Children Factory Committee
    iv. physical abuse
         Punishment in Factories
    v. health risks
         Factory Accidents
         Deformities
      vi. women
         Women Miners in the English Coal Pits
         Harriet Robinson - Lowell Mill Girls
         Sarah Carpenter
         Mary Bucktrout
         Eliza Marshall
         Elizabeth Bentley
         Hannah Brown

        The Crystal Palace   a symbol of progress
        and success
IV. The Spread of Industrialization
     A. advances in technology and an increase
          in coal and iron ore production,
          sped industrial growth in Britain,
          the US, and Germany
    B. by the late 1800s Great Britain, the US,
         and Germany led industrial expansion
    Tables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization
    C. Industrialization in the U.S.
       i.  Samuel Slater
        ii. Eli Whitney
            revolutionized the cotton industry
        iii. Robert Fulton   --
          Robert Fulton: His Life and its Results
           Mississippi steam boats carried cotton to
           New Orleans
           New Orleans became a major world port
       iv. immigration to the U.S.
         Irish Famine 1845 - 9     
     D. population growth
           Effects of population growth
       a.  Thomas Robert Malthus
            "An Essay on the Principle of Population"
             (1798): population always grows faster
             than food supply population grows and
             the supply of workers becomes greater
             than the demand
V.  Life in cities
   A. urbanization - growth of cities
         Manchester
         Liverpool
         Leeds
         Newcastle
         Birmingham
         Brighton
         Charles Dickens   -  Hard Times   (1854)
         Description of Coketown
    B. living conditions
         sanitation could not keep up with urban
         growth                  
         Factory Pollution
         The Life of the Industrial Worker in  
                  19th Century England
          Wages and the Quality of Life
         Filth and Class
         Health and Hygiene in the 19th Century
         Sanitation and Disease in Rich and Poor
         Edwin Chadwick    --
  Chadwick's Report on Sanitary Conditions
         William Hogarth
          Beer Street / Gin Lane
      The Industrial Middle Class
VI. Political, Economic, and Social Reforms
    A. Working Class Efforts at Change
         Luddites 1811 - 12
         1832 Reform Riots
    B. Political Reforms in Britain
      i. government structures
         a. Whigs   ( Liberal Party after 1868)
           Tories   ( Conservative Party after 1834)
      ii. democracy limited to aristocrats, land owners
      iii. Pressure for democratic reforms
           a. Reform Bill of 1832 - gave the new
               industrial cities more representation
               in parliament   1832 Reform Act
         b. The Chartist Movement:
             Chartist Petitions
            Chartist Public Meetings
            Chartist Newspapers
             People's Charter of 1838 demanded
             voting rights for all men
             a secret ballot
             an end to property requirements for
             serving in Parliament
     C. The right to vote       Ch. 23
          i.  1867 Reform Act - gave the working
              class men right to vote
              (doubled number of voters)
              Benjamin Disraeli
          ii.  1872 Secret Ballot
          iii. 1884 Reform Act - greatly increased
               the numbers of voters by giving vote
               to rural workers
     D. Status of women
          i. as men gained more rights, women began
             to demand the same
           John Stuart Mill     Ch 22
            The Subjection of Women (1869)
            Marriage
           Birth Control
           Girls and Schooling
           University Education
           Women in Industry
           Careers and Professions
      E. Organization and protest   Ch 25
          i. Women's Social and Political Union
             (WSPU)
             members disrupted the speeches of
             politicians, bombed buildings, and
             created disturbances
            Emmeline Pankhurst
           Hunger Strikes
           Arson Campaign
           Cat and Mouse Act
           Parliamentary Campaigns
           First World War Work
           Emily Davison   -
            killed herself at horse race
            Qualification of Women Act (1918)
  F. Economic and Social Reforms in Britain
       i. Factory Laws
         a. 1833 Factory Act - forbade
             employment of children under 9
              9-13 could work no more than 9 hours a day
         b. the idea that the state could act to
             protect workers
          Manchester's Children Factory Committee
           1844 Factory Act
          1847 Factory Act
      ii. Improvements in Education
         a. believed education would help maintain
             social order and reduce poverty, crime,
             and superstition
         b. 1870 Education Act   -
             elementary schools
      iii. Workers responses to industrialization
         a. workers disliked being replaced by
             machines
         b. Luddites 1811 - 12 took direct action
      iv. Beginning of Labor Unions
         Combination Acts
         a. labor unions - organizations designed to
             represent workers' interests
         b. 1825 Combination Act   - Parliament
             passed law to allow workers to form
             unions but not to strike
      v. Unions and politics
          a. Liberal Party   - won elections to
              control Parliament in 1906
            William Gladstone
          b. Labour Party
  G. Changes on the European Continent
      i. nobles resisted change
      ii. tariffs slowed industrial expansion and
          competition
      iii. England prohibited export of technology
            - businsesses copied English equipment
      iv. modern investment banks provided capital
      v.  Prussian zollverein

VII.  Economic Theory
    A. The principle of laissez fair -
         Adam Smith in "The Wealth of Nations"
         Adam Smith's Laissez -Faire Policies
      i. government should not interfere with
         business
      ii. what is good for entrepreneurs is good
          for everyone
      iii. free competition gives people the chance
            to do the job they do best
      iv. government's chief duty is to keep peace
           and order
         Adam Smith and the Division of Labor
         David Ricardo
 
 

  New Discoveries  Ch. 24
     1. 1800 - Alessandro Volta -  invented first
          electric battery
     2. Michael Faraday - produced electricity
          by moving a magnet through coil of  copperwire
        a. led to elecrtic generator
     3. Alexander Graham Bell
     4. Marconi
     5. internal combustion engine  

     William Hogarth

     The Topography of Decay   

     The Growth of the Proletariat

    Capital, 1700 - 1750
    Banking 1750
   Early English Trade and Industry
   The General State of Industry

    The Invention of the Steam Engine
    The Penetration of Industry by Steam Power
   Coal Mines and Iron Works