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The
Industrial Revolution
I. Origins
A. agricultural improvements increased
food supply
i. new farming
methods
a.
Jethro Tull - mechanical seed drill for planting 1701
learned to aerate the soil
b.
Charles Townshed - turnips, fertilizer 1700s
ii. new crops -
corn, potatoes
iii. enclosure
movement
a.
farmers put up fences to contain livestock, manage fields
b.
parliment - Enclosure Act (1760)
B. lower prices
C. increased population growth
D. surplus income for investment
II. Great Britain's advantages
A. surplus labor supply
The Growth of
the Proletariat
B. natural resources
C. banks and investment capital
Capital,
1700 - 1750
Banking 1750
D. entrepeneurs
Early
English Trade and Industry
E. transportation - rivers, new roads,
bridges, canals
F. colonial markets
G. governmental support
III. Technological Changes
The General State
of Industry
A. the Textile Industry
i. new inventions
a. domestic system
- workers did work in their own home
handloom
weavers
carding
cloth merchants
Woollen
Industry
b. John Kay
- invented flying shuttle
(1733)
c. James Hargreaves
- spinning
jenny (1764)
d. Richard Arkwright
water
frame (1769)
Richard
Arkwright
e. Samuel Crompton
- spinning mule
(1775 - 79)
f. Edmund Cartwright
- power loom
(1785)
g. Eli Whitney
- cotton gin
(1793)
Cotton Industry
ii. factory system -
factories built near rivers -- water power
B. The Steam
Engine
i. Thomas Newcomen
ii. James Watt's improvement
a.
James
Watt - engineer, developed coal burning steam engine
The Invention
of the Steam Engine
The
Penetration of Industry by Steam Power
C. New Iron-making processes
Coal
Mines and Iron Works
i. William Kelly and Henry
Bessemer
a. Henry Bessemer
- quick and cheap method of making steel from iron
D. Effect on the transportation industry
i. George Stephenson
- first to develop a practical locomotive
a. 1829 - The Rocket
entered the Rainhill Trials
b. transportation
became cheaper
The Spread
of Railways in the 19th Century
Isambard
Kingdom Brunel
industrialization
fostered the transition from agrarian economy and rural
life to industrial
/ consumer economy and urban expansion
E. Factories
i. low wages
Working Hours in
Factories
ii. lack of food
Factory Food
iii. child labor
Child
Labor
scavengers
Child
Piercers
Workhouse
Children
Apprentice
Houses
Robert
Blincoe
William Dodd
David
Rowland
Joseph
Hebergam
John Birley
William
Hutton
Benjamin
Gomersal
Age of
Workers in Cotton Mills in Lancashire 1833
Manchester's
Children Factory Committee
iv. physical abuse
Punishment
in Factories
v. health risks
Factory
Accidents
Deformities
vi. women
Women Miners
in the English Coal Pits
Harriet Robinson
- Lowell Mill Girls
Sarah
Carpenter
Mary Bucktrout
Eliza Marshall
Elizabeth Bentley
Hannah Brown
The
Crystal Palace a symbol of progress and success
IV. The Spread of Industrialization
A. advances in technology
and an increase in coal and iron ore production,
sped industrial growth in Britain, the US, and Germany
The
Growth of the British Empire
B. by the late 1800s Great
Britain, the US, and Germany led industrial
expansion Tables Illustrating
the Spread of Industrialization
C. Industrialization in the
U.S.
i. Samuel
Slater
ii. Eli Whitney revolutionized
the cotton industry
iii.
Robert
Fulton -- Robert Fulton:
His Life and its Results
Mississippi steam boats carried cotton to New Orleans
New Orleans became a major world port
iv. immigration
to the U.S.
Irish
Famine 1845 - 9
Interpreting
the Irish Famine, 1846-1850
D. population growth
Effects of population growth
a.
Thomas
Robert Malthus
"An Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798):
population always grows faster than food supply
population grows and the supply of workers becomes greater
than the demand
V. Life in cities
A. urbanization - growth of cities
Manchester
Liverpool
Leeds
Newcastle
Birmingham
Brighton
Charles
Dickens - Hard Times
(1854)
Description of Coketown
B. living conditions
sanitation could not keep up with urban growth
Factory
Pollution
The
Life of the Industrial Worker in 19th Century England
Victorian
Workers' Wages and the Quality of Life
Filth
and Class
Health
and Hygiene in the 19th Century
Sanitation
and Disease in Rich and Poor
Edwin
Chadwick -- Chadwick's
Report on Sanitary Conditions
The Industrial
Middle Class
VI. Political, Economic, and Social Reforms
A. Working Class Efforts at
Change
Luddites
1811 - 12
1832 Reform
Riots
B. Political Reforms in Britain
i. government structures
a. Whigs
( Liberal Party
after 1868)
Tories
( Conservative
Party after 1834 )
ii. democracy limited
to aristocrats, land owners
iii. Pressure for
democratic reforms
a. Reform Bill of 1832 - gave the new industrial cities more representation
in parliament 1832 Reform Act
b. The Chartist
Movement
Chartist
Petitions
Chartist
Public Meetings
Chartist
Newspapers
People's Charter of 1838 demanded voting rights for all men
a secret ballot
an end to property requirements for serving in Parliament
C. The right to vote
Ch. 23
i. 1867
Reform Act - gave the working-class men right to vote
(doubled number of voters)
Benjamin Disraeli
ii. 1872
Secret Ballot
iii. 1884
Reform Act - greatly increased the numbers of voters by giving
vote to rural workers
D. Status of women
i. as men gained more rights, women began to demand the same
John Stuart
Mill Ch 22
The Subjection of Women (1869)
Marriage
Birth
Control
Girls
and Schooling
University
Education
Women in
Industry
Careers
and Professions
E. Organization
and protest Ch 25
i. Women's
Social and Political Union (WSPU)
members disrupted the speeches of politicians, bombed buildings,
and created disturbances
Emmeline
Pankhurst
Hunger
Strikes
Arson
Campaign
Cat and
Mouse Act
Parliamentary
Campaigns
First
World War Work
Emily
Davison - killed herself at horse race
Qualification
of Women Act (1918)
F. Economic and Social Reforms in Britain
i. Factory
Laws
a. 1833 Factory
Act - forbade employment of children under 9
9-13 could work no more than 9 hours a day
b. the idea that the state could act to protect workers
Manchester's
Children Factory Committee
1844 Factory
Act
1847 Factory
Act
ii. Improvements
in Education
a. believed education would help maintain social order and
reduce poverty, crime, and superstition
b. 1870
Education Act - elementary schools
iii. Workers responses
to industrialization
a. workers disliked being replaced by machines
b. Luddites
1811 - 12 took direct action
iv. Beginning of
Labor Unions
Combination
Acts
a. labor unions - organizations designed to represent workers' interests
b. 1825
Combination Act - Parliament passed law to allow workers to
form unions but not to strike
v. Unions and politics
a. Liberal
Party - won elections to control Parliament in 1906
William
Gladstone
b. Labour Party
G. Changes on the European Continent
i. nobles resisted
change
ii. tariffs slowed
industrial expansion and competition
iii. England prohibited
export of technology - businsesses copied
English equipment
iv. modern investment
banks provided capital
VII. Economic Theory
A. The principle of laissez
fair - Adam
Smith in "The
Wealth of Nations"
Adam
Smith's Laissez -Faire Policies
i. government should
not interfere with business
ii. what is good
for entrepreneurs is good for everyone
iii. free competition
gives people the chance to do the job they do best
iv. government's
chief duty is to keep peace and order
Adam
Smith and the Division of Labor
David
Ricardo
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