With quotations of 40 or more words, DO NOT use quotation marks.
    Set off the quotation in Block style format (Start quote on new line
    indented ten spaces. Each subsequent line is also indented)
Block quotations must be introduced.
When paraphrasing or summarizing someone else's material,
    you are required to cite them.
DO NOT begin and end a sentence with quotation marks.
    Read Integrating Quotations
Use quotation marks for direct quotations, NOT for emphasis.
Report and research papers are primarily the work of the writers;
    limit the use of quotations.
ALL quotes, summaries, and paraphrases MUST be cited.

In text citations
Place parenthetical citations as close as possible to the relevant material.
Often writers use the author's name in a phrase to introduce the material:
Jonnasen believes that ...
Grabe argues ...
Bandura demonstrates ...

When the author's name is not mentioned in an introductory phrase, include the author's last name with the page number(s) in parentheses. Do not use any punctuation between the author's name and the page number(s). Place the period after the parentheses (Jonassen 24).

If the author's name is in the text of the sentence, include only the page number(s) in parentheses.

If the author has written more than one of the sources, the note MUST include a shortened form of the title unless it is mentioned in the text.
Jonassen explores a variety of ways to use computers ...
(Computers 27-33).

For two or three authors, use all the author's last names in the introductory
phrase or in parentheses.
Pintrich and Schunk examine student motivation ...

For four or more authors, use the first author's name and et al. or name all
the authors in an introductory phrase or in parentheses.

For an unknown author, use the full title in the text or in parentheses.
If it is short, use the full title, otherwise use an abbreviated title.
Use Instructional-Design Theories for Instructional-Design Theories and
Models: An Overview of Their Current Status
 

Works Cited List

Type the heading Works Cited centered, one inch from
    the top of the page.
Do not underline Works Cited -- do not use quotation marks.
Double space the references
Use 1 inch margins on all sides
Use 12 point font
Start each entry along the left margin - indent subsequent lines
The second line of the citation is indented 5 letters
List sources alphabetically by the author's last name
    If the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first major word in the title
Use and between authors' names
Last name first, followed by middle name
Make sure that everything referenced in your paper is cited on your
    Works Cited page and everything on your Works Cited page is used
    in your text.
 

A book with one author
Inlude the author's name, the title of the book - underlined, the city of publication, the publisher, and the date of publication. Check the title page for this information. Reverse the author's name for alphabetizing. Include the full titile of the book; in the examlpe below, the title includes a sub title. For cities like London, New York, or Boston which are well known, include only the name of the city. If the city is likely to be ambiguous or unknown to the reader, include the name of the state or country. If several cities are listed on the title page, include only the first. Shorten the name of the publisher. (Charles Scribner's Sons - Scribner's, Houghton-Mifflin Co. - Houghton, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. - Macmillan, McGraw-Hill Inc. - McGraw,  St. Martin's Press - St. Martin's, Oxford University Press - Oxford UP ) Note that periods are placed after each piece of information.
See MLA Handbook for Writers p. 244

Jonassen, David H.  Computers in the Classroom: Mindtools for Critical

       Thinking. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1996.

Two or more books by the same author
List books alphabetically by title. Include the name of the author or authors in the first entry. In subsequent entries, use three hyphens followed by a period.

Jonassen, David H.  Computers in the Classroom: Mindtools for Critical

       Thinking. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1996.

--- .  Hypertext/Hypermedia. Educational Technology Publications. 1989.
 

Two or more authors
To cite a book by two or more authors, give the names in the same order as they appear on the title page. Reverse the name of the first author, add a comma, and give the name of the next author or authors in the normal order. Place a period after the last name. If the persons listed on the title page are editors or translators, place a comma after the final name and add the abbreviation eds. or trans.

Grabe, Mark, and Cindy Grabe.  Integrating the Internet for Meaningful

        Learning. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.

Murphy, G., L. B. Murphy, and T. M. Newcomb. Experimental Social

       Psychology. New York: Harper. 1937.

Pintrich, P. R., and D. H. Schunk.  Motivation in Education: Theory,

       Research, & Applications. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1996.

Rabkin, Eric S., Martin H Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds. No Place

       Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Carbondale:

        Southern Illinois UP, 1983.

If there are more than three authors, name only the first and add et al.(and others)

An anthology
Begin with the author or editor followed by a comma and the abbreviation ed. List the title, the city of publication, the publishing company, and the date of publication.

McRae, Murdo William, ed. The Literature of Science: Perspectives on Popular

          Science Writing. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1993.

Work in an anthology or chapter in a book with an editor
When citing an essay in an anthology/collection:
Begin with the author and title of the piece, enclosed in quotation marks. If the work was published independently (a play or novel for example) underline the title.Then list the title of the anthology/collection underlined. If the book has an editor, write Ed. after the title and give the name. Give the city of publication and the publisher.  List the page numbers of the entire article you are citing.

Keller, J. M. "Motivational Design of Instruction." Instructional-Design

       Theories and Models: An Overview of Their Current Status. Ed. C. M.

        Reigeluth Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1983. 23-32.

Keller, J. M., and T. Kopp,  "Applications of the ARCS Model of

       Motivational Design."  Instructional Theories in Action: Lessons

       Illustrating Theories and Models. Ed. C. M. Reigeluth. Hillsdale, NJ:

       Lawrence Erlbaum. 1987. 23-32.

Editor or editors

Collins, J. L., and E. A. Sommers, eds. Writing OnLine: Using Computers

       in the Teaching of Writing. Montclair, NJ: Boynton/Cook, 1984.
 

Unknown author
Alphabetize by the title. Do not use either Anonymous or Anon. Ignore A, An, or The.

National Geographic Atlas of the World. (1988). Washington, DC: National

        Geographic Society.

A Multivolume work

If you are using two or more volumes of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work (4 volumes). This information comes after the title or after the editor's name and before the publication information. Specific references to volume and page numbers (2: 134-37) belong in the text of the paper.

Blanco, Richard L., ed. The American Revolution, 1775 - 1783: An Encyclopedia.

        2 vols. Hamden: Garland, 1993.

Doyle, Aurthur Conan. The Oxford Sherlock Holmes. Ed. Owen Dudley

        Edwards. 9 vols. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.

A Book in a Series
If the book is part of a series, include the name of the series and the series number followed by a period before the publication information.

Maravall, Jose Antonio. Culture of the Baroque: Analysis of a Historical

         Structure. Trans. Terry Cochran. Theory and History of Literature. 25.

         Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1986.
 

Government document
Begin with the author if the name is given. If not, start with the name of  the government, followed by the agency and any subdivision. Give the title - underlined. With congressional documents, cite the number, session, and house, the type and the number. For the Congressional Record, give the date and page number. End with the publication information. This is often the Government Printing Office (GPO).

United States, U. S. Bureau of the Census. Historical Statistics of the United

       States, Colonial Times to 1870. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing

        Office. 1975.

A Pamphlet
Treat a pamphlet as you would a book. Alphabetize by the author's name if it is available; if not, use the title of the pamphlet.

Best Museums in New York City. New York: Trip Builder, 1993.

Sugar, Bert Randolph, ed. Mecca 1911 Double-Folder Baseball Cards. Mineola:

        Dover, 1991.
 

An article in a journal paginated by issue
Some scholarly journals do not number pages continuously throughout an annual volume but begin each issue on page 1. For such journals, include the issue number. Add a period and the issue number after the volume number without a space. 11.3 would indicate volume 11, issue 3.

Bangert-Drowns, R. L., J. A. Kulik, and C. C. Kulik  "Effectiveness of

        Computer-Based Education in Secondary Schools." Journal of

       Computer-Based Instruction 12 (1985): 59-68.

Fletcher, W. E., and J. P. Deeds  "Computer Anxiety and Other Factors

        Preventing Computer use Among United States Secondary Agricultural

        Educators." Journal of Agricultural Education 35 (1994):16-21.

Hallin, Daniel C. "Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968 -

         1988." Journal of Communication 42.2 (1992) : 5 - 24.

Spitzer, D. R.  "Motivation: The Neglected Factor in Instructional Design."

       Educational Technology 36  (1996): 45-49.

Some scholarly journals do not use volume numbers. Treat the issue numbers of such journals as you would volume numbers.

Bowering, George. "Baseball and the Canadian Imagination." Canadian

       Literature 108 (1986) : 115-24.
 

An article in a journal paginated by volume
Some journals may appear quarterly; these often use continuous pagination. Begin with the author's name, then the title of the article, the title of the journal - underlined, the volume number, the date - in parestheses, and the page numbers of the article. The page numbers should include the complete article, not just the page or pages you cite in the text of your report. 

Bandura, A. "Human Agency in Social Cognitive Theory."  American

       Psychologist 44 (1989): 1175-1184.

Hounshell, P. B., and S. R. Hill Jr.  "The Microcomputer and Achievement

         and Attitudes in High School Biology." Journal of Research in Science

       Teaching 26 (1989): 543-549.

Tobias, S. "Anxiety Research in Educational Psychology." Journal of

       Educational Psychology 71 (1979): 573-582.
 

Magazine article
For weekly magazines, include day, month, and year in that order. Abbreviate all months except May, June, and July. For monthly magazines, put the month before the year. Separate the date and page numbers(s) with a colon.

Bazell, Robert. "Science and Society: Growth Industry." New Republic 15 Mar.

         1993: 13-14.

Berss, M. "Protein Man." Forbes 154, 24 October 1998: 64-66.

Gralla, P.  "How to Enter Cyberspace." PC Computing.  April 1994: 60-62.

An unsigned article
If no author's name is given, begin with the article title. Do not alphabetize using A, An, or The.

"Dubious Venture." Time 3 Jan. 1994: 64-65.

"What Sort of Person Reads Creative Computing?" Creative Computing

         August 1985: 8, 10.

Newspaper articles
After the author and title of the article, give the name of the newspaper, underlined, without a, and, or the:
The New York Times = New York Times
Give the name of the city in brackets if it is not part of the title.
Give the date and the edition. Add a colon followed by the section number or letter and then the page number.
If the article appears on pages which are separated, give the first page followed by a plus sign.

"Globalization Often Means That the Fast Track Leads Overseas."

       Washington Post 16 June 1998: A10.

Martin, Claire. "Primary Care System under Attack." Denver Post 3 Jan.

        2000: F1+.

A Document within a Scholarly Project or Information Database

To cite an article ... or a similar short work or document within a project or database, begin the citation with the author's name and, in quotation marks, the title of the work. If no author is given, begin the citation with the title of the material, in quotation marks. Continue with the relevant information for the project or database, the date of access, and the URL; be sure to give the URL of the specific work or document rather than that of the project or database if they are diferent.

"Catalan." Si Espana. Ed. Jose Felix Barrio. Vers. 2.0.  Oct. 1996. Embassy

         of Spain, Ottawa. 3 Feb. 1998. <http://www.docuweb.ca/SiSpain/

         spanish/language/language/catalan.html>

"City Profile: San Farncisco." CNN Interactive. 19 June 1998. Cable News

         Network. 19 June 1998 <http://www.cnn.com/TRAVEL/CITY.

         GUIDES/WTR/north.america.profiles/nap.sanfrancisco.html>

Dove, Rita. "Lady Freedom among Us." The Electronic Text Center. Ed.

         David Seeman. 1998. Alderman Lib., U of Virginia. 19 June 1998

         <http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html>

"Selected Seventeenth-Century Events." Romantic Chronology. Ed. Laura

          Mandell and Alan Liu. Oct 1996. U of California, Santa Barbara.

          22 June 1998 <http://humanitas.ucsb.edu/projects/pack/rom-chrono/

           chronola.htm>

citations copied from Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers 5th ed. pp. 181-182
 

An article on the WWW

Arnold, M.  "Using the Web to Augment Teaching and Learning." 1997,

         November  20. Sept. 13, 1999

           <http://www.curtin.edu.au:80/conference/ASCILITE97/papers/Arnold/Arnold.html>

 Brown, A. "Designing for Learning: What are the Essential Features of an

         Effective Online Course?" (1997).  April 24, 2000

         <http://cleo.murdoch.edu.au/ajet/ajet13/su97p115.html>
 

Online magazine article
To cite an article from an online journal, magazine, or newspaper, begin with the author's name. Give the title of the article in quotation marks, the name of the periodical, underlined, the volume number or issue number, the date of publication, and the page number(s). End with the access date and the URL in angle brackets. The access date is included so that the reader will know which version of the document you have cited.

Bostock, William W. "The Global Corporatisation of Universities: Causes

         and Consequences." AntePodium 3 (1999). 27 Jan. 2000

         <http://www.vuw.ac.nz/atp/articles/bostock.html>

Denning, Peter J. "Business Designs for the New University." Educom

         Review. 31.6 (1996). 23 June 1998 <http://educom.edu/web/pubs/

         review/reviewArticles/31620.html>

Markoff, J.  "Voluntary Rules Proposed to help Insure Privacy for Internet

         Users. New York Times. (5 June 1995). 9 June 1999

         <http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/y05dat.html>

Murphy, H. L.  "Saturn's Orbit Still High with Consumers." Marketing News

       Online. (4 March 1997). 13 May 1998 <http://www.ama.org/pubs/

        mn/0818n1.htm>.

Vasquez, John. "Peace and the New World Order" AntePodium 4 (1996).

        <http://www.vuw.ac.nz/atp/articles/vasquez_9507.html>

Online book

Some books are being made available online. Provide the author's name, the title - underlined, if the online text has not been published before, give the date of the electronic publication and the name of the sponsoring organization, Include the publication information about the original print version if they are given in the source (city of publication, publisher, date of publication), include the date of access and the network address.

Barsky, Robert F. Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent. Cambridge: MIT P,

         1997. 8 May 1998 <http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/chomsky/

          intro.html>.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment." Twice-Told Tales.

          Ed. George Parsons Lathrop. Boston: Houghton, 1883. 1 Mar. 1998

          <http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/dhe.html>

Source on CD ROM

Some works are published in more than one form. When you cite a publication on CD-ROM, it is important to state the medium in order to differentiate the source from other print or online versions. When citing a CD ROM, provide the author or editor's name, title (underlined), the title of the entire disk (underlined), the medium (CD ROM), place of publication, publisher, and date of publication.

Braunmuller, A. R., ed. Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. CD-ROM.

         New York: Voyager, 1994.

"Distance Education." Concise Columbia Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. Microsoft

       Bookshelf. CD ROM. 1996-97 ed. Redmond: Microsoft, 1996.

"Picasso, Pablo." The 1997 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM.

        Danbury: Grolier, 1997.

If you are only citing part of the work, state which part. If the part is a book length work, underline the title. If it is a shorter work like an article or an essay, enclose the title in quotation marks. If the source includes page numbers, paragraph numbers, or some kind of section numbers, state their total if the numbering starts over with each part, but state the range of the numbers in the part if a single numbering encompasses all the parts.

"Albatross." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford:

         Oxford UP, 1992.

Rodes, David S. "The Language of Ambiguity and Equivocation." Macbeth.

         By William Shakespeare. Ed. A. R. Braunmuller. CD-ROM. New York:

         Voyager, 1994. 5 pp.

Some periodicals and reference works are published in both print and on CD-ROM as databases. To cite such a work, include the author's name, the title of the work, the publication information, the title of the database, the publication medium (CD-ROM), the name of the vendor, and the electronic publication date.

Coates, Steve. "Et Tu, Cybernetica Machina User?" New York Times 28

          Oct. 1996, late ed.: D4. New York Times Ondisc. CD-ROM. UMI-

          Proquest. Dec. 1996.

Guidelines for Family Television Viewing. Urbana: ERIC Clearinghouse on

          on Elementary and Early Childhood Educ., 1990. ERIC. CD-ROM.

          CD-ROM. SilverPlatter. June 1993.

Russo, Michelle Cash. "Recovering from Bibliographic Instruction Blahs."

          RQ: Reference Quarterly 32 (1992): 178-83. InfoTrac: Magazine

          Index Plus. CD-ROM. Information Access. Dec. 1993.

Documentation       APA Format      Printable Version
 

Last edited Mar. 20, 2001.