I. Organization and Religious disputes
   power of the pope
   beginnings of monasticism
   Early monks
    The Rise of Monasticism
   A. Eremitical monasticism
   Christianity vs urban society
         i. St. Simeon the Stylite
         ii. St. Benedict
   B. Cenobitic monasticism
        i. St. Basil
        ii. St. Benedict
        iii. took vows of obediance, poverty, & chastity -- rule became guide for monastic life
        iv Benedict divided the day into: Opus manuum, Opus dei, & Lectio Divina
        v. St. Patrick took Christianity to Ireland
        vi. St. Columba established monastery at Iona
              Irish monasticism
              Monasteries as cultural centers
        vii. Augustine took Christianity to Germany
            a. Germans resisted Christian ideas of brotherhood, lone of enemies
            b. missionaries assimilated pagan customs into Christianity
        viii. monasteries became important educational and economic centers
            Gregory the Great
            The conversion of Clovis
            Emperor Leo III -
            Iconocalstic controversy
II. Monastic Revival
   A. After the Carolingians, monastic activity had declined, monks became lax
   B. Duke William of Aquitane established monastery at Cluny
   C. Cluny became center of reform
   D. opposed to  The Feudalization of the Church
        opposed to simony
   E. by the 11th century, nobles were appointing bishops and priests, interfering in religious matters
   F. Cistercians established isolated monasteries to prevent interference
     Bernard of Clairvaux
        the movement for reform spread quickly
III.  Gregory VII
    A. Pope Gregory VII
      asserted the principle that the pope answered to God -- all christians answered to the pope
      began to exert papal authority over the nobility
        wanted to free the Church from lay control
      Cross versus Crown
    B. Henry IV, King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor -- refused to end the practice of lay investiture
    C. Investiture Controversy
         Henry protested -- Gregory excommunicated Henry
         Henry submitted to Gregory at Canossa - 1075
    D. Innocent III -- disputes with Phillip II of France / John of England
     Francis of Assissi   -- Fransiscans
     Some Thoughts on Reading The Little Flowers of St Francis
      The Mendicant Friars
         Dominicans
         Albigensians
IV. The papacy in the High Middle Ages

V. The Crusades
    The Crusades
    Pope Urban
    heresy  The Rise of Popular Heresies
    bishopric
    Council of Nicaea
    Petrine Doctrine
    Bede
    History of the English Church and People
    Iconoclastic Controversy
    simony
    tithe
    Indulgences
    excommunication
    relics