Nationalism and Realism
I. France of Napoleon III
Louis
Napoleon III (1808-1873)
A. The Second Empire
i.
controlled
military and police
ii. had
authority to introduce legislation
and declare war
iii.
encouraged
industrial development
iv.
government
subsidized railroads,
roads, canals
The
Spread of Railways in the 19th Century
v.
reconstruction
of Paris -
Baron Haussmann
vi.
freedom
of speech not permitted
vii.
newspapers
censored
viii.
freedom
of assembly limited
ix.
unstable economy led to legalizing
unions
J. Foreign Policy
i.
The Crimean War
II. The Unification of Italy
A. The Rise of Nationalism
i. Risorgimento
- movement for Italian unity
ii. Giuseppi
Mazzini - Young Italy
B. Kingdom
of Sardinia Piedmont
led the Unification Movement
i. Victor
Emmanuel II (1849-1878)
a. named Count
Camillo de Cavour
as Prime Minister
encouraged economic expansion
increased revenues allowed Cavour
to enlarge the army
b. Cavour signed secret treaty with
Napoleon
III against Austria - (1858)
ii. War with Austria
a. Cavour provoked Austria into
invading Piedmont (April 1859)
b. Napoleon made peace with Austria
Prussia was ready to support Austria
concerned about a unified Italy
Parma, Modena, Tuscany revolted
c. Piedmont received Lombardy
through war
d. Parma, Modena, Tuscany voted to
join Piedmont
C. Unification Achieved
i.Garibaldi
and Red Shirts seized control
of Sicily (July 1860)
ii.
attacked Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
(Aug.- Sept. 1860)
iii.
Cavour sent an army into the
Kingdom of Naples
iv.
plebiscites in Papal States and the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
were in favor of union with Piedmont
v.
Italy unified and Victor
Emmanuel II
declared King (March 1861)
Kingdom
of the Two Sicilies
II. The Unification of Germany --
The
Process of Unification
A. The Push for Economic Unity
i. tariffs -
taxes on imported goods
ii. Prussia
formed
Zollverein to stimulate
trade - reduced tariffs among members
B. King William I appointed
Otto
von Bismarck Prime Minister
Otto
von Bismarck
i. realpolitik
- politics where success matters
more than legality
or idealism military used to achieve
foreign policy goals
ii. Bismarck's
wanted a united Germany
under Prussian leadership
C. Wars of Unification -
Realpolitik
in Action
Wars
against Denmark and Austria
i. Victory over
Denmark
a. Denmark attempted to incorporate
Schleswig and Holstein
b. German nationalists objected
c. Bismarck convinced Austria to fight
Denmark
d. Prussia took Schleswig and Austria
took Holstein
e. Austria and Prussia disagreed on how
cities to be governed once they were
conquered
ii. Victory
over
Austria
a. Bismarck provoked Austria into war
b. Austria quickly defeated by Prussia
in Austro-Prussian
War
c.North
German Confederation
formed and Austria lost influence on
German affairs states controlled local
government army and foreign policy
controlled by Bismarck and the king
parliament was established with two
branches:
Reichstag (lower), Bundesrat (upper)
Bismarck opposed democratic ideas
and parliamentary government
The Catholics - kulturkampf
The
Heritage of Bismarck
iii.
France
a. opposed to a united Germany
b. the crown of Spain led offered to
Prince Leopold
a relative of the King of Prussia
c. Leopold withdrew
d. Bismarck tampered with telegraph
message - insulting the French
e. Napoleon III and the French army
captured at Sedan (Sept. 1870)
f. In six weeks, the Franco-Prussian War
was over
g. Prussia received Alsace and Lorraine
Franco-Prussian
War
D. The Birth of the Second Reich
i. Strict
government
a. A parliament was established with two
branches: Reichstag (lower),
Bundesrat (upper)
b. German rulers opposed democratic
ideas and Western style
parliamentary government
ii. Growing power
a. William II transformed agricultural
country to one of the world's leading
industrial powers
b. Most Germans took pride in their
new power and strength
Kaiser Wilhelm II
III. The Austrian Empire
A. Emperor Francis
Joseph (1848-1916)
1. Established
Reichsrat - imperial
parliament dominated by Germans
a.
Ausgleich / Compromise of 1867
dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
b.
separate capitals and legislatures for
Austria and Hungary
c.
Hungary gained control over internal
affairs
d.
Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Croatians,
Poles ignored
2. Serbia and the
South
Slavs
a.
most dangerous problem was
South Slavs
b.
Serbia wanted to control South Slavs
and encouraged nationalism
IV. Imperial Russia
A. Repression under
Nicholas I (1825-1855)
i.
Russification is the policy of imposing
the Russian lifestyle on minorities
under Russian rule
ii.
Nicholas wouldn't make changes,
Russia became weak after his death
iii.
defeated in Crimean War
iv.
Alexander II (1855-1881)
v.
peasants emancipated (March 1861)
peasants could purchase and own land,
sue in court
vi.
zemstvos
established to provide
education, famine relief (1864)
vii.
reformers
wanted more changes
viii.
conservatives
resisted attempts to
change society
ix.
People's Will assassinated
Alexander II (1881)
x.
Alexander III turned away from
reform - spies and informers
xi.
economy remained underdeveloped
V. The Victorian Age
Outline
on the Industrial Revolution
Queen
Victoria
Victorian
and Victorianism
Victorian
Political History: An Overview
Benjamin
Disraeli: a Timeline
VI. Industrialization and the Marxist Response
A. Theories of Karl
Marx 1818-1883
Friedrich
Engels
The
Conditions of the Working Class
in
England (1844)
Friedrich
Engels 1820-1895
Communist
Manifesto (1848) - sounded
call for
a working class revolution
Manifesto
of the Communist Party
B. the "class struggle"
i. bourgeoisie - the middle class
capitalists who own the factories,
mines, banks, etc.
owning the means of production
allowed capitalists to appropriate
an unfair share of the profits
ii. proletariat - the wage earning laborers
workers produced wealth but were
not fairly compensated
C. the working class
revolution
i. "owners and managers in a capitalist
system do not care about workers as
human beings"
ii. communism - complete socialism, in
which all property and the means of
production would be owned by the
people: a classless society
iii. the failure of Marx's prediction
did not foresee gains of working
class - labor unions
iv. the International Workingmen's
Association (1864)
VII. Science and Culture
Louis
Pasteur
Dmitri
Mendeleyev
The
Periodic Table
Michael
Faraday -
electromagnetic
induction
Charles
Darwin
and
the Theory of Evolution
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck (1744-1829)
an
early theory of evolution (1809)
Darwin's
On the Origin of Species (1859)
Darwin
sailed on the H.M.S. Beagle
(1831)
studied plant and animal life
Origin
of Species (1859)
outlined the theory of plant and animal
evolution
The
Descent of Man (1871)
On
the Origin of Species
The
Voyage of The Beagle
The
Descent of Man
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
outlined theory of Social Darwinism
Liberal
Parties Dominate National Politics Timeline
