| Nationalism and Realism
I. France of Napoleon III
Louis
Napoleon III (1808-1873)
A. The Second Empire
1. controlled military and police
2. had authority to introduce legislation and declare war
3. encouraged industrial development
4. government subsidized railroads, roads, canals
The Spread of
Railways in the 19th Century
5. reconstruction of Paris - Baron Haussmann
6. freedom of speech not permitted
7. newspapers censored
8. freedom of assembly limited
9. unstable economy led to legalizing unions
The
Civil War in France
The Siege and Commune
of Paris, 1870-1871
Illustrations
from the Paris Commune of 1871
J. Foreign Policy
1. The Crimean War
- Interactive Map
The Crimean
War 1854-1856 Four Brief Articles
Military
Operations of the Crimean War
The
Digging of the Suez Isthmus
Ferdinand
de Lesseps
II. The Unification of Italy
A. The Rise of Nationalism
1. Risorgimento
- movement for Italian unity
2. Giuseppi Mazzini
- creator of Young Italy
On
Nationality, 1852
B. Kingdom of Sardinia
Piedmont led the Unification Movement
1. Victor Emmanuel
II (1849-1878)
a. named Count Camillo de Cavour
as Prime Minister
encouraged economic expansion - increased revenues allowed Cavour
to enlarge the army
b. Cavour signed secret treaty with Napoleon III
against Austria - (1858)
2. War with Austria
a. Cavour provoked Austria into invading Piedmont (April 1859)
b. Napoleon made peace with Austria
Prussia was ready to support Austria
concerned about a unified Italy
Parma, Modena, Tuscany revolted
c. Piedmont received Lombardy through war
d. Parma, Modena, Tuscany voted to join Piedmont
C. Unification Achieved
1. Garibaldi
and Red Shirts seized control of Sicily (July 1860)
2. attacked Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Aug.- Sept. 1860)
3. Cavour sent an army into the Kingdom of Naples
4. plebiscites in Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
were in favor of union with Piedmont
5. Italy unified and Victor Emmanuel
II declared King (March 1861)
Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies
III. The Unification of Germany -- The
Road to National Unification
A. The Push for Economic Unity
1. tariffs
- taxes on imported goods
2. Prussia
formed Zollverein
to stimulate trade - reduced tariffs among
members
B. King William I appointed
Otto von
Bismarck Prime Minister
Prince
Bismarck biography
1. realpolitik
- politics where success matters more than legality or idealism
military used to achieve foreign policy goals
2. Bismarck's
wanted a united Germany under Prussian leadership
C. Wars of Unification - Realpolitik
in Action
The
wars against Denmark and Austria
1. Victory
over Denmark
a. Denmark attempted to incorporate Schleswig and Holstein
b. German nationalists objected
c. Bismarck convinced Austria to fight Denmark
d. Prussia took Schleswig and Austria took Holstein
e. Austria and Prussia disagreed on how cities to be governed once
they were conquered
2. Victory
over Austria
a. Bismarck provoked Austria into war
b. Austria quickly defeated by Prussia in Austro-Prussian War
c. North German
Confederation formed and Austria lost
influence on German affairs
i. states controlled local government
ii. army and foreign policy controlled by Bismarck and the king
iii. parliament was established with two branches: Reichstag (lower),
Bundesrat (upper)
iv. Bismarck opposed democratic ideas and parliamentary government
Foreign
Policy
The
Catholics kulturkampf
The
Bismarckian Empire
3.
France
a. opposed to a united Germany
b. the crown of Spain led offered to Prince Leopold
a relative of the King of Prussia
c. Leopold withdrew
d. Bismarck tampered with telegraph message - insulting the French
e. Napoleon III and the French army captured at Sedan (Sept. 1870)
f. In six weeks, the Franco-Prussian War was over
g. Prussia received Alsace and Lorraine
Franco-Prussian
War
D. The Birth of the Second Reich
-- The
Bismarckian Empire
1. Strict
government
a. A parliament was established with two branches: Reichstag (lower),
Bundesrat (upper)
b. German rulers opposed democratic ideas and Western style parliamentary
government
Foreign
Policy
The
Catholics kulturkampf
2. Growing power
a. William II tranformed agricultural country to world's leading industrial
powers
b. Most Germans took pride in their new power and strength
Kaiser Wilhelm II
IV. The Austrian Empire
Emperor Francis Joseph (1848-1916)
1. Established
Reichsrat - imperial parliament
dominated by Germans
a. Ausgleich / Compromise of 1867 - dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
b. separate capitals and legislatures for Austria and Hungary
c. Hungary gained control over internal affairs
d. Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Croatians, Poles ignored
2. Serbia and the
South Slavs
a. most dangerous problem was South Slavs
b. Serbia wanted to control South Slavs and encouraged nationalism
V. Imperial Russia
Repression
under Nicholas I (1825-1855)
a. Russification is the policy of imposing the Russian lifestyle on minorities
of Russian rule
b. Nicholas wouldn't make changes, Russia became weak after his death
1. defeated in
Crimean War
2. Alexander II
(1855-1881)
3. peasants emancipated
(March 1861)
peasants could purchase and own land, sue in court
4. zemstvos established
to provide education, famine relief (1864)
5. reformers wanted
more changes
6. conservatives
resisted attempts to change society
7. People's Will
assassinated Alexander II (1881)
8. Alexander III
turned away from reform - spies and informers
9. economy remained
underdeveloped
VI. The Victorian Age
Outline on
the Industrial Revolution
Queen
Victoria
Victorian
and Victorianism
Victorian
Political History: An Overview
Benjamin
Disraeli: a Timeline
Godey's Lady's
Book
VII. Industrialization and the Marxist
Response
A. Theories of Karl Marx
1818-1883
Karl
Marx (1818-1883)
Friedrich
Engels
The Conditions of the Working Class in England (1844)
Friedrich
Engels 1820-1895 at the World Socialist Web Site
The Conditions
of the Working Class in England
Communist Manifesto (1848) - sounded call for a working class revolution
Manifesto of
the Communist Party
1. the "class struggle"
a. bourgeoise - the middle class capitalists who own the factories,
mines, banks, etc.
owning the means of production allowed capitalists to appropriate
an unfair share of the profits
b. proletariat - the wage earning laborers
workers produced wealth but were not fairly compensated
2. the working
class revolution
a. "owners and managers in a capitalist sysyem do not care about workers
as human beings"
3.
communism - complete socialism, in which all property and the means
of production would be owned by the people
a classless society
4. the failure
of Marx's prediction
i. did not foresee gains of working class - labor unions
5. the International
Workingmen's Association (1864)
VIII. Science and Culture
Louis
Pasteur
Dmitri Mendeleyev
The
Periodic Table
Michael
Faraday - electromagnetic induction
Charles
Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck (1744-1829)
presented an early theory of evolution (1809)
Evolutionary
Theory Before Darwin
Darwin
and Evolution
Darwin's
On the Origin of Species (1859)
1. Darwin sailed on the H.M.S. Beagle (1831)
studied plant and animal life
2.
Origin of Species (1859)
outlined the theory of plant and animal evolution
3.
The Descent of Man (1871)
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
outlined theory of Social Darwinism
Joseph Lister
Science and
the Study of Society
Auguste
Comte
Realism in Literature
and Art
Flaubert
Madame Bovary
William Thackeray
William Makepeace Thackeray
(1811-1863) Vanity Fair
Dickens
Hard Times
Oliver Twist
Dickens'
London
The Charles Dickens Page
The Works
The Dickens
Web
British Literature
and Anglophile Resources
Thomas
Hardy (1840-1928)
The Return of the Native
Jude the Obscure
Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Naturalism
Emile
Zola - Germinal
Stephen
Crane - The Red Badge of Courage
"The Open Boat"
Art
Realism
Gustave Courbet
-- Artcyclopedia
Jean-Francois Millet
-- Artcyclopedia
Music
Franz
Liszt (1881-1886)
Richard
Wagner (1813-1883)
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