I.    The Prehistoric Era
II.   The Paleolithic Era
       used stone tools, hunted animals, & gathered fruit, nuts, berries
III.  Early Humans
   A.  the hominids -- scholars believe human ancestors developed 3 to 4 million years ago
      i. Australopithecine - earliest ground dwelling apes
           a. discovered in South Africa in 1924.
      ii. homo habilis (human with ability) - developed ca. 2 million years ago
           a.  the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 

      iii. homo erectus (erect/upright human) - developed ca. 1.5 million years ago
           a.  discovered in Java in 1891, Peking in 1927
           b. migration out of Africa and recent new theories 

      iv.  homo sapiens (knowing/intelligent human) - developed ca. 100,000
            years ago 

           a.   Neanderthal human -- 1856 in the Neander Valley, Germany.
           b.   85,000-35,000 years ago in the glacial  periods.
           c.  the Shanidar Cave in the Zagros mountains of Iraq: belief in the
                afterlife and concern for the dead.
           d.  extinct  approximately 35,000 years ago:
                i.  probably displaced by newer species.
                ii.  many may well have been absorbed into newer groups.
                iii. failed to adapt to warmer climates.
        v.  Cro Magnon Human:
           a. found in the Cro Magnon Cave, France -- 1898
           b. lived between 35,000-10,000 years ago.
           c. art & artifacts: caves in Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain
               


               i. indication of the importance of animals / hunting
               ii. animism
IV.  The Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) 8,000 B.C. - 3,000 B.C.
  A.  Development of agriculture made village life possible
      i. Jericho, Jarmo, & Catal Huyuk -- 7,000 B. C. - 6,000 B. C.
      ii. Egypt -- 5,000 B. C.
      iii. China -- 3,000 B. C.
      iv. America -- 2,000 B. C.
  B. Domestication of animals
  C. Civilization built on agriculture
      i. stable food supply --> effects on population
      ii. production of pottery and other artifacts
      iii. permanent dwellings
      iv. division of labor: farmers, craftsmen, priests
      v. economic organization needed for irrigation
      vi. complex government
      vii. morality
      viii. religion: animism -- worship of nature spirits/ practiced magic
      ix. writing -- business transactions, religious writings provide historical record
      x. art, science, music