Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism  

I. Europe After Napoleon
  A. The Conservative Order   1815 - 1830
     i. Conservatism - philosophy based on the
        desire to preserve traditional ways of
        doing things aristocrats, clergy, and
        wealthy business owners
     ii. Quadruple Alliance - Britain, Austria,
         Prussia, and Russia
  B. The Peace Settlement at
       The Congress of Vienna
       Timeline
       Quiz
     i.  major aims
       a. restoring the balance of power - France's
           pre-war boundaries reestablished
       b. taking away the freedoms people had
           gained
       c. legitimacy - restoring ruling families to
           power
       d. building a lasting peace
    ii. Important Personalities
        Castlereagh, Talleyrand, Metternich,
        Alexander I
           The role of Metternich
        a. supported monarchy
        b. opposed the liberal ideas that sparked
            French Revolution
        c. despised nationalism - believed people
            should be loyal to their monarch
            shrewd Austrian diplomat
     iii. Potential conflict
         a. Prussia   and Russia hoped to gain new
             lands
             Prussian Personalities
         b. Britain and Austria felt threat to the
             balance of power
     iv. New European borders
         a. to keep the French in check, the allies
             strengthened France’s neighbors
         b. allies rewarded themselves with new
             territories
     v. The German Confederation
         a. alliance of independent states,
             dominated by Austria
         b. upset German nationalists who wanted
             one united homeland
     vi. Restoration of monarchs
         a. put "legitimate" rulers back on their
             thrones
         b. monarchy returns to Spain, Portugal,
             and Sardinia
 C. Conservative Domination
     i. Concert of Europe   -
        formed to keep peace in Europe and watch
        over France
         Quiz
     ii. Holy Alliance - pledge by monarchs to
         follow Christian principles in ruling their
         subjects and in dealing with each other -
         not taken seriously
 D.  Metternich's Conservative System
     i. censored books and newspapers and put
        many liberals in prison
     ii. especially strong in German Confederation
 E. The Revolt of Latin America
       creoles vs. peninsulares
       creoles wanted to preserve their position in
       society
    i. Simon Bolivar 
    ii. Jose de San Martin
 F. Great Britain
         Lord Castlereagh
         The Corn Laws
         The Peterloo Massacre
 G. Restoration in France
         Louis XVIII
         Charles X
             July Ordinances - censored press,
             dissolved legislative assembly
             July Revolution - liberals asked
             Louis-Philippe to become king
             constitutional monarchy
             middle class in control
             industry expanded - industrial working
             class grew
 H. Challenges to Conservatism
     i.  Italy
           Kingdom of the Two Sicilies,
           the Piedmont
     ii. Spain
            Ferdinand VII
            the Cortes
     iii. Russia
         a. Alexander I - moved away from reform
             ideas after French Revolution
             and Napoleonic Wars
         b. Northern Union - liberal aristocrats
             wanted constitutional monarchy and an
             end to serfdom
         c. Alexander I died in 1825 -
             support divided between Constantine
             and Nicholas
             Decembrist Revolt - Dec. 1825 officers
             loyal to Constantine refused to swear
             allegiance to Nicholas
         d. Nicholas I - used secret police to
             investigate suspected enemies
      iv. Greece
      v. France 1815 - 1852    -
          France - Personalities
          Quiz
      vi. Belgium
      vii. Poland
II.  Liberalism -
       intellectuals, university students,
       merchants, lawyers, writers and journalists,
       influenced by Enlightenment, American
       Revolution, French Revolution
       supported individual freedom, equality
       under the law, and freedom of speech
       and press and religious toleration
        Thomas Robert Malthus
        David Ricardo

The Population Time Bomb
      Which World?
         Economic Trends
         Demographic Trends
         John Stuart Mill
        On Liberty
        On the Subjection of Women attacked
        the subjection of women
        believed women would benefit from education

      Nationalism -
          influenced by French Revolution and the
          accomplishments of Napoleon
          people shared common traditions, customs,
          language, and history
          people began to want self-government
          conservatives often opposed nationalist
          movements as threat to status quo
         Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
      Early Socialism
    Socialist Ideas
         Saint-Simon
         Louis Blanc
      i. cooperative communities
        a. Utopia - an ideal society
            Charles Fourier - wanted to set up small
            communities where people would enjoy
            their work
            Fourier called his communities phalansteries
      ii. A model town
        a. Robert Owen
            owner of Newlanark -
            a model community in Scotland
        b. came to the US - New Harmony,
            ended in failure
III.   The Revolutions of 1848    --
         Personalities   --   Timeline
    A. Economic Crisis in Europe
    B. Rebellions in France
       i. Louis-Philippe   refused to institute reforms
             increasing discontent
          a. strong resentment of the government
             among the working class
          b. forbidden to hold political rallies -
              gathered at banquets
          b. some turned to socialism - a philosophy
              that called for public ownership
              of factories, banks and other businesses
     ii.  students and workers revolted -
          barricaded streets
     iii. Louis-Philippe abdicated Feb. 1848
     iv. provisional government established -
          new constitution
     v. Louis Blanc   workshop program -
         cooperatives run by workers
         a. thousands enrolled
         b. moderate National Assembly closed
             workshops
         c. June Days   revolt crushed
     vi. class divisions split nation
     vii. Second Republic established
       (Nov. 1848) Constitution of 1848
     viii. elections for president -
         Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
 C. The Austrian Empire Austria 1815 - 1850
         Personalities
     i. Revolts in Vienna and Bohemia -
         demanded a constitution and an end to
         feudal practices
     ii. Temporary reforms in Hungary
     iii. Defeat of the rebels
 D. Failed Attempts at Unification
     i. Italy
         Giuseppe Mazzini
         Charles Albert
     ii. Germany
        a. Frankfurt Assembly - drew up plans for
            a united Germany
        b. Fredrick William refused crown and
            restored a more conservative constitution
 E. Emergence of an Ordered Society
    i. Police Forces
      a. protected property of upper and middle
          classes
      b. maintained order
      c. Robert Peel    --
         The Metropolitan Police
     ii. Prison Reform
      a. began to try to rehabilitate criminals
IV.  The Romantic Movement
       Romanticism   Encyclopedia.com article
  A. Writers
       Lord Byron                     ( 1788 -1824)
       Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 1772 -1834)
       The Samuel Taylor Coleridge Archive
       Johann Goethe               (1749 - 1832 )
       John Keats                     (1795 - 1821 )
       Poetical Works
       Mary Shelley                  (1797-1851 )
       Mary Shelley and Frankenstein
       Literary Sources of Frankenstein
       Frankenstein
       Links for Mary Shelley
       Percy Bysshe Shelley     (1792 -1822 )

 B. Artists
         Jacques-Louis David       (1748-1825)
         Eugene Delacroix            (1798-1863)
         Caspar David Freidrich   (1774-1840)
         J. M. W. Turner               (1775-1851)
         National Gallery of Art
         Web Museum
        Modern Romantic Images
         Howard Pyle                      (1853-1911)
         Arthur Rackham               (1867-1939)
         Arthur Rackham Art Images
         Arthur Rackham Arthurian Images
 C. New Directions in the Arts -
      unleashing the human imagination rather
      than following strict formulas
       i. A new view of nature
       ii. focused on inner experiences
       iii. New styles of painting
 D. Nationalism and the Arts
       i. literature - encouraged cultural pride
       ii. music- helped stir nationalist feelings
         a. Ludwig van Beethoven  

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     Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848   

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