Outline: Republic and Early Empire
I. The Early
Romans
A. ruled by the
Etruscans
B. Romulus and
Remus
-- 753 B.C.
C. geography --
Latium -- the Tiber River
Topographical Map of
Italy and Sicily
<> D. the defeat of
the Etruscans in 509 B.C.
E. defeat by the
Celts 390 B.C.
F. geography
favored
unification of Italian
peninsula -- spread into Mediterranean
Chronology:
Rome
Timeline:
Ancient Rome
II. The Roman
Republic:
509 - 133 B.C.
res publica
A. The
Roman Republican Constitution
B. elected kings
replaced -- imperium given
to consuls -- given veto power --
elected by citizens 1 year term --
to limit powers
C. the senate --
composed of elder statesmen
from noble families
D. dictator
appointed in time of crisis
E. Roman Society
:
i. the Patricians
ii. the Plebeians -- had to fight for equality
a. could not hold political office
b. citizenship and taxation
c. ** served in the army to defend Rome --
d. could not marry patricians
F. The
virtues of the noble Romans:
paterfamilias
i. pietas: respect for authority and tradition
Clients and Patrons
ii. duty
iii. Roman virtues
III. Plebian
reforms: result of struggle with
patricians
The Tribunate established 494 B.C.
-- the veto given
to tribunes
<> A. Council
of the plebs -- 471 BC
B. Law of the
Twelve Tables -- 450 BC
C. Canuleian
law -- allowed
to intermarry
D. The
Sexto-Licinian Laws -- 367 B.C.
i. Plebians gained right to serve as consul
E. The
Hortensian Law -- 287 B.C.
laws could be passed in Plebian Assembly
without approval of
the senate
IV. Roman
Imperialism
Rome
saw wars as defensive --
A. The
Pyrrhic
Wars 281-272 B.C.
i. defeated cities forced to ally with Rome
ii. some granted citizenship
B. The Punic Wars:
After 279 B.C.
Carthage was Rome's only real rival
in the west
i. Carthage and the Phoenecians --
a wealthy trading center
ii. first Punic War 264-241 B.C. -- Sicily
The Punic Wars
Roman tactics
Carthaginian defeat -- Rome took Sicily,
Sardinia, Corsica Rome's first
overseas empire
iii. the second Punic War 218-201 B.C.
a. conflict began over colonies in Spain
b. Hannibal
-- led troops across Alps
into Italy
c. Rome's allies remained loyal even
after Cannae
d. Hannibal unable to take Rome
e. Scipio Africanus -- sent to Africa
to draw Hannibal back to Carthage
f. ** the effect on Roman farmers:
growth of the latifundia
iv. the third Punic War 149-146 B.C.
a. Cato the Elder insisted that
Carthage must be destroyed.
b. the destruction of Carthage: Romans
salted Carthage's fields -- slaves
c. Roman control of the Mediteranean
V. ImperialExpansion:
Map Resources
A. Greece
conquered by 197 B.C.
Roman
Britain
Gaul
133 B.C. Rome's first colony in Asia
B. Ancient
Rome
i. Roman Architecture:, aqueducts
CITY - PLAN OF ROME
C. the problems of
Empire
i. political corruption in the provinces
ii. wars impoverished small farmers
iii. patricians formed latifundia
iv. farmers, soldiers moved to the cities
looking for work
v. continued class struggle: poverty in
the cities -- political impact
vi. importation of slaves from Carthage,
Greece, Asia, Gaul
The Gladiator
Roman Gladiatorial Games
The Lust for Blood
VI. Reform and
Political Conflict
A.
Results of expansion
i. wars costly for small farmers
ii. returning soldiers had little to return to
iii increasing numbers of slaves brought
to Rome
Slavery in the Roman Republic
Numbers and Origins
iv. taxes, imported grain forced many
to move to cities
v. growing numbers of unemployed --
urban discontent
B. Tiberius
Gracchus -- 133 B.C.
The Roman
Revolution
i. elected tribune
ii. promoted land reform
iii. reelection
iv. assassination -- introduced violence
into politics
C.
Gaius
Gracchus -- 123 B.C.
i. land and grain programs to help
the poor
ii. support from equestrians seeking
political offices
iii. suicide, Senate had supporters killed
D. First
civil
war
Marius -- 107 B.C. --
i. created professional army --
increasing power of the military
ii. land as reward for military service
iii. allegiance given to general rather
than Rome
E. Sulla --
79 B.C. -- invaded Rome --
army used as political tool
i. Senators loyal to Sulla added
F.
Second civil war
Julius Caesar --
i. political alliance with Pompey
and Crassus -- First Triumvirate
ii. military success as governor of Gaul
Commentaries
iii. Pompey turned against Caesar
iv. Senate ordered army disbanded and
recalled Caesar in 49 B.C.
v. crossed the Rubicon and led troops
against Pompey
vi. declared dictator for life in 46 B.C.
given title -- imperator
vii killed enemies
viii. reforms -- extended citizenship,
expanded Senate, reduced debts,
reformed calendar
ix. assassination on the Ides of March:
March 15, 44 B.C.
VII. The third
civil war and
The Roman Empire
A. the
struggle for power after Caesar:
i. Marc Antony and Octavius formed
alliance, killed Caesar's assassins
ii. Marc Antony and Cleopatra
iii. Octavius -- Caesar's heir
iv. Marc Antony and Octavius turned
against each other
v. the battle of Actium -- 31 B.C.
Octavius victorious: 27 B.C.
Rome Project
De Imperatoribus Romanis :
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Notes on Roman
Politics
Rome Project
The Romans
from the BBC
Daily Life in
Ancient Rome
IAM Map Index
Ancient History Resources at Rhodes
Hyper
History Online
The DIR and ORB
Ancient and Medieval Atlas
Slavery
Study Guide Ch.
1 - 6
Mesopotamia
Egypt Greece Rome
Etruscans
Women's Life in
Greece and Rome
dead links
consuls
Roman Army Units
Clients and
Patrons The Father of
the Roman Family --
roads
Roman
Bridges and Bridge Building Pompey First and
Second Triumvirates Gaul
Marc Antony
and
Cleopatra
Tacitus
Livy