I.  The Early Romans
  A. ruled by the Etruscans    
  B. the legend of Romulus and Remus -- 753 B.C.
  C. geography -- Latium -- the Tiber River
  D. the defeat of the Etruscans in 509 B.C.
  E. defeat by the Celts 390 B.C.
  F. geography favored unification of Italian peninsula --
      spread into Mediterranean
      


II. The Roman Republic: 509 - 133 B.C.   -- res publica
       


  B. elected kings replaced -- imperium given to consuls  --
      given veto power -- elected by citizens 1 year term -- to limit powers

  C. the senate -- composed of elder statesmen from noble families
  D. dictator appointed in time of crisis
  E. Roman Society:   
     i.  the Patricians 
     ii. the Plebeians -- had to fight for equality

        a. could not hold political office
        b. citizenship and taxation
        c. ** served in the army to defend Rome
        d. could  not marry patricians
  F.  The virtues of the noble Romans:
       The Father of the Roman Family -- paterfamilias
     i.  pietas:  respect for authority and tradition  --  Clients and Patrons
     ii. duty
     iii. Roman virtues
         
III.  Plebian reforms: result of struggle with patricians      
    A. Law of the Twelve Tables posted in the Forum
    B. Plebian assembly & The Tribunate established 287 B.C.
           -- the veto given to tribunes

    C. The Sexto-Licinian Laws -- 367 B.C.
       i. Plebians gained the right to serve as consul
       ii. allowed to intermarry
    D. The Hortensian Law -- 287 B.C
laws could be passed in Plebian Assembly without the approval of the senate

IV.  Roman Imperialism
       Rome saw wars as defensive
    A.  The Pyrrhic Wars 281-272 B.C.
       i. defeated cities forced to ally with Rome
       ii. some granted citizenship
    B. The Punic Wars: After 279 B.C.
        Carthage   was Rome's only real rival in the west
       i.  Carthage and the Phoenecians -- a wealthy trading center
       ii.  the first Punic War 264-241 B.C. -- Sicily

          
            Roman tactics
             Carthaginian defeat -- Rome took Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica
            Rome's first overseas empire

       iii.  the second Punic War 218-201 B.C.
          a. conflict began over colonies in Spain
          b. Hannibal-- led troops across Alps into Italy
          c. Rome's allies remained loyal even after Cannae
          d. Hannibal unable to take Rome       Battle of Trasimeno

          e. Scipio Africanus -- sent to Africa to draw Hannibal back to Carthage
          f.  ** the effect on Roman farmers:  growth of the latifundia
       iv.  the third Punic War 149-146 B.C.
          a. Cato the Elder insisted that Carthage must be destroyed.
          b. the destruction of Carthage: Romans salted Carthage's fields -- slaves
          c. Roman control of the Mediteranean

V.  Imperial Expansion:
   A.  Greece conquered by 197 B.C.
        Britain
        Gaul
        Asia   -- 133 B.C. Rome's first colony in Asia
   B.  Ancient Rome
       i.  Roman Architecture: roads, aqueducts  --
          

   C.  the problems of Empire
       i.   political corruption in the provinces
       ii.  wars impoverished small farmers
       iii.  patricians formed latifundia
       iv.  farmers, soldiers moved to the cities looking for work
       v.  continued class struggle: poverty in the cities -- political impact
       vi.  importation of slaves from Carthage, Greece, Asia, Gaul

        
VI.  Reform and Political Conflict
     A. Results of expansion
        i. wars costly for small farmers
        ii. returning soldiers had little to return to
        iii  increasing numbers of slaves brought to Rome
          


        iv. taxes, imported grain forced many to move to cities
        v. growing numbers of unemployed -- urban discontent

     B.  Tiberius Gracchus -- 133 B.C.      
        i.    elected tribune
        ii.   promoted land reform
        iii.   reelection
        iv.  assassination -- introduced violence into politics

     C.  Gaius Gracchus -- 123 B.C.
        i.  land and grain programs to help the poor
        ii.  support from equestrians seeking offices
        iii.  suicide, Senate had supporters killed

     D. First civil war
          Marius -- 107 B.C.
        i.   created professional army -- increasing power of the military
        ii.  land as reward for military service
        iii. allegiance given to general rather than Rome

     E. Sulla -- 79 B.C. -- invaded Rome -- army used as political tool
        i.  Senators loyal to Sulla added

     F.  Second civil war
          Julius Caesar
        i.  political alliance with  Pompey  and Crassus 
           First Triumvirate

        ii.   his military success as governor of  Gaul  -- Commentaries
        iii.  Pompey turned against Caesar
        iv.  Senate ordered army disbanded and recalled Caesar in 49 B.C.
        v.   crossed the Rubicon and led troops against Pompey
        vi.  declared dictator for life in 46 B.C.  given title -- imperator
        vii   killed enemies
        viii.  reforms -- extended citizenship, expanded Senate, reduced debts,
               reformed calendar
        ix.  assassination on the Ides of March: March 15, 44 B.C.

VII.  The third civil war andThe Roman Empire
     A. the struggle for power after Caesar:
        i.   Marc Antony and Octavius formed alliance, killed Caesar's assassins
        ii.  Marc Antony  and  Cleopatra   
        iii.  Octavius -- Caesar's heir
        iv.  Marc Antony and Octavius turned against each other
        v.   the battle of Actium -- 31 B.C.

     B.  Octavius victorious: 27 B.C.
        i. Augustus -- revered one / honored
        ii. controlled most of the army
          a. appointed governors
          b. controlled finances
          c.  Princeps -- first citizen -- disguised imperial power
        iii.  reforms:
           a. attempted return to traditional Roman family values:
           b. encouraged loyalty to Rome
           c. attempted to reduce corruption
        iv.  the Pax Romana -- peace and prosperity
           a. trade increased by eliminating barriers
           b. Roman roads improved transportation
           c. Roman army insured security
           d. the Silver Age of Roman Culture
              Virgil -- The Aeneid
              Horace --
             Tacitus  --
             Livy  --
     C. The Julio Claudian emperors:   detailed biographies
        i.  Tiberius  (14-37 A.D.)

        ii. Caligula  (37-41 A.D.)

        iii. Claudius   (41-54 A.D.)

        iv Nero        (54-68 A.D.)

    D.  The Army takes control    Five Good Emperors
        i.  Vespasian   (69-79 A.D.)
        ii. Domitian      (81-96 A.D.)
        iii. Trajan          (98-117 A.D.)

        iv. Hadrian       (117-138 A.D.)

        v.  degeneration of the military:
           Commodus       (180-192 A.D.)
        vi. Septimus Severus     (193-211 A.D.)
VIII.  Barbarian Threats to the Frontiers
       A. The Barbarians in the third century
           i. the Franks
           ii. the Alemanni
           iii. the Visigoths