The Victorian Age
I. Industrial Growth
a. New Products and New Markets
New
Technologies
i.
increased steel production - Bessemer
ii.
electricity - light
bulb
Thomas
Alva Edison
Thomas
Edison
A
Spark...of Brillance
lighting for factories and homes
electric power for subways and trams
iii.
the telephone telephone
Alexander Graham
Bell
Alexander Graham
Bell
iv. Marconi
- radio
v.
automobiles
vi. Orville
and Wilbur Wright --
gasoline powered airplane
Orville Wright
Wright
1903 Flyer
Milestones
of Flight
vii.
Isaac Singer -
treadle sewing
machine
viii. increased
of consumer goods
department stores
mail order catalogues
Sears
catalogue
ix.
chemical industry produced increasing
amounts of soap
fertilizers
petroleum refining
George Eastman
National
Inventors Hall of Fame Index of Inventions
b. Changes in the Industrial economy
Europe's population increased from 295
million to 450 million
British factory owners were reluctant to
invest in new equipment
German industries formed cartels
American industries formed trusts
Industrialization
Industrialization
of the U.S. Economy
Standard Oil - Rockefeller
The
History of the Standard Oil Company
Germany promoted technical colleges
American
History Photo Gallery
c. New Job Opportunities for Women
clothing "sweatshops" developed
using sewing machines
Sweatshop
1912
Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory Fire
growing industries needed clerical staffs
clerks
typists
secretaries
telephone operators
sales clerks in department stores
d. Organizing the Working Class
Wilhelm Liebknecht -
German Social Democratic Party
growth of Marxism
Jean Jaures
Eduard
Bernstein
Evolutionary
Socialism
anarchism
Michael
Bakunin
II. The Growth of Mass Society and Culture
a. Population Growth
i. improved water supplies
ii. advancements in health care
Pasteur's
work led to control of
disease through vaccines
injection of disease bacterium causes
immune system
to develop antibodies
Joseph
Lister and Louis Pasteur
Lister developed antiseptic practices
iii. immigration from rural areas to
industrial regions
iv. increased immigration to the U.S.
Italians, Poles, Slovaks, Russians, Jews
U.S. Immigration
Sex Ratio
Males per 100 Females,
United States, 1790-1990
Making of America a
digital library of
primary sources in American social
history from the antebellum period
through reconstruction.
NY Ellis
Island --
Immigration: 1900-1920
b. The Urban Environment
i. continued growth of industrial and
commercial centers
Contagious
Diseases Act 1864
1870 Education
Act
improvement of water and sewer
systems in major cities
1890 Housing Act -- local taxes used
to build low cost housing
c. The Social Structure
standard of living in industrial countries
improved
i. The Elite
ii. The Middle
Class
diverse groups
upper middle class - wealthy business
families merchants, lawyers, doctors
shopkeepers, small businessmen,
accountants, managers interested in
comfortable homes, fashionable
clothing, servants
stressed hard work, frugality, morality,
education
iii. The Lower
Classes
the majority of the population
skilled workers developed craft unions
semi skilled and unskilled workers in
factories and sweatshops
large numbers of women maids and cooks
entertainment chiefly music halls and
drinking
d. The Role of Women
premarital sex and illegitimacy
increased in the early 1800s
decreased as middle class preached
morality
economic factors important in middle
class marriages
men often postponed marriage and
focused on careers
middle class women stayed home -
supervised servants
the home became increasingly
important to the middle class
working class women worked, cooked,
cleaned
e. Education and Leisure in Mass
Society
English schools trained gentlemen
German technical schools provided
chemists, engineers
III. The National State
A. Britain
Act of
Union (1801) combined English
and Irish
Parliaments
Benjamin
Disraeli
Conservative
Prime Minister
William
Gladstone
Liberal
Prime Minister
1884
Reform Act extended vote among
adult
male taxpayers
Home
Rule bills defeated in 1886 &
1893,
passed in 1914
B. France
defeat in the Franco-Prussian War led
to the collapse of the Second Empire
Paris Commune 1871
The Siege and Commune
of Paris, 1870 - 1871
wanted government control of prices
and wages, social reforms
civil war divided France
Third Republic formed in 1875
General Boulanger called for war
against Germany (1886)
C. Germany
Bismarck
kulturkampf (1870)
attacked Catholic party
attack on Social Democrats
passed legislation providing sickness,
accident, & old age insurance
undermined socialist movement
Foreign Policy --
Three Emperor's
League
1887
Reinsurance Treaty with Russia
Otto
von Bismarck:
The
Reinsurance Treaty and His Dismissal
IV. Intellectual and Cultural Developments
Developments in the
Sciences
Albert Einstein
--
theory of relativity
-- E=MC2
Einstein's
Legacy
Albert
Einstein Online
Friedrich
Nietzsche
Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy
The Will to
Power
Thus Spoke
Zarathustra
-- antagonistic
to the Judeo-Christian
world-view
The
Nietzsche Page at USC
Sigmund
Freud Austrian Originator of
Psycho-Analysis
Freud:
Conflict and Culture
The Impact of Darwin:
Social
Darwinism
Spencer applied Darwin's
ideas to society
encouraged racism & imperialism
The Attack on Christianity
The Culture of Modernity
Writers
and artists responded to the
new age
Literature
Naturalism
Naturalism
in American Literature
Emile
Zola - Germinal
Ibsen
- A Doll
House
Chekov
Fyodor
Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) --
Crime
and Punishment
The
Brothers Karamazov
Leo
Nikoleyevich Tolstoy (1828-1910)
War
and Peace
Joseph
Conrad (1857-1924)
Heart
of Darkness
Josef
Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski
Upton
Sinclair (1878-1968)
The
Jungle
Theodore
Dreiser (1871-1945)
Sister
Carrie
Stephen
Crane (1871-1900 )
The
Red Badge of Courage
Maggie:
A Girl of the Streets
"The
Open Boat"
Stephen
Crane History Page
Art
Experimentation with new
forms
Impressionism
Claude
Monet
(1840-1926)
-- Waterlillies
-- Haystacks
Pierre-Auguste
Renoir (1841-1919)
Camille
Pissarro
(1830-1903)
Edgar
Degas
(1834-1917)
Edouard
Manet
(1832-1883)
Paul
Cezanne
(1839-1906)
--
Landscapes
Expressionism
Paul
Gauguin
(1848-1903)
Vincent
van Gogh (1853-1890)
--Irises
Edvard
Munch
(1863-1944)
Wassily
Kandinsky (1866-1944)
New Directions in Politics
The Movement
for Women's Rights
Emmeline
Pankhurst founded the
Women's
Social and Political Union
women staged
marches, damaged
property,
used hunger
strikes
government
responded with
Cat
and Mouse Act
Emily
Davison
WPSU supported
Britain's war effort
government
extended the vote
The Transformation
of Liberalism
Liberal
Party provided old age pensions,
workers'
compensation
sickness,
accident, and unemployment
insurance
1911
Parliament Act reduced the powers
of the
House of Lords
Herbert
Henry Asquith
David
Lloyd George
supported
social reform
Winston
Churchill
Labour
Party founded 1900 under the
leadership of
James Ramsay
MacDonald
Growing
Tensions in Germany
Industrialization and Revolution in Russia
Chronology
of Russian History
Russia
remained agrarian/industrially
underdeveloped
Radicals
wanted to destroy the monarchy
Alexander
II
serfs granted right to own land
-- if they could pay
assassinated 1881
Alexander
III (1881-1894)
refused to make attempts at reform
limited local government
increased the use of the secret police
program od Russification aimaed at
Finns, Poles, Jews
attempted to implant Russian culture
and language
among subject peoples
Nicholas
II (1894-1917)
incapable of leading Russia forward
Sergei Witte promoted construction of
railways and telegraph lines
exports and imports increased
Russia had coal, iron, and oil
-- little investment capital
industrial working class grew
slums spread around industrial cities
peasants moved between farms and cities
industries lacked highly skilled work force
reforms too little too late
workers developed class consciousness
spies used to watch opposition
Liberals
- Constitutional Democrats
wanted
constitutional monarchy
Social
Revolutionaries (Marxists)
concerned
with the welfare of the peasants
wanted
to overthrow the government
Socialist
Revolutionary Party
Social
Democrats - Marxists - promoted
political
revolution
Social
Democratic Labour Party
1903 -
Social Democrats met in London
and
split into factions
Menshevik
Party - believed socialism
would grow
prepared to work within
government
and political system
Bolsheviks
-- Bolshevik
Party
Vladimir
Ilyich Ulyanov
Lenin
(1870-1924)
Adapted Marx's ideas
What Is to Be Done? -- advocated revolution
Japanese
attacked Russian fleet at
Port Arthur
(1904)
defeat
led to more discontent
--
lack of faith in Tsar
liberals
increased demands for reform
Bloody
Sunday (Jan. 22, 1905)
-- demonstrators
shot at Winter Palace
October
30 -- Nicholas II promised wider
vote for
Duma
Duma (legislature)
would have to
approve
laws
Lenin
Internet Archive
Russian
History at Bucknell
The
Face of Russia
Russian
Timeline
Encyclopedia
of Marxism
The Rise of the United States
population
increase in industrial cities
reformers
began to turn their attention
to
politics
Progressive
Movement
The New Imperialism
19th
Century Imperialism
Causes of the
New Imperialism
need for new
markets and natural resources
competition among
nations
nationalism
Social Darwinism
The Creation of Empires
Scramble
for Africa
European nations sought political
and economic control of foreign nations
International Rivalry
The Bismarkian
System
Bismark
tried to maintain peace through
alliances:
Three Emperors
League (1873) Austria,
Russia,
Germany
Triple
Alliance (1882) Austria, Germany, Italy
1887
Reinsurance Treaty with Russia
promise
of neutrality if either was attacked
New Crises
Wilhelm
II ended Reinsurance Treaty
Russia
established alliance with France
nationalism
in the Balkans threatened
Ottomans
Serbia
gained independence in 1878
Austria
annexed Bosnia in 1908
1st Balkan
War (1912)
assassination
of Franz
Ferdinand (1914)
The WW I Document Archive - Pre 1914
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
