I. Industrial Growth
   a. New Products and New Markets
       New Technologies -- The Modern History Sourcebook
        i.   increased steel production - Bessemer
        ii.  electricity -   light bulb
          Thomas Alva Edison
          Thomas Edison
          A Spark...of Brillance
           electric lighting for factories and homes
           electric power for subways and trams
        iii.  the telephone   telephone
           Alexander Graham Bell
           Alexander Graham Bell
       iv. Marconi   - radio
        v.  automobiles
        vi. Orville and Wilbur Wright   -- gasoline powered airplane
           Orville Wright
           Wright 1903 Flyer
           Milestones of Flight
        vii.  Isaac Singer - treadle  sewing machine
        viii. increased emphasis on consumer goods
               department stores
               mail order catalogues    Sears catalogue
        ix.  chemical industry produced increasing amounts of soap
              fertilizers
              petroleum refining
             George Eastman
             National Inventors Hall of Fame Index of Inventions
   b. Changes in the Industrial economy
           Europe's population increased from 295 million to 450 million
           British factory owners were reluctant to invest in new equipment
           German industries began forming cartels
           American industries formed trusts
          Industrialization
          Industrialization of the U.S. Economy
           Standard Oil - Rockefeller
          The History of the Standard Oil Company
           Germany promoted technical colleges
          American History Photo Gallery
   c. New Job Opportunities for Women
            clothing "sweatshops" developed using sewing machines
           Sweatshop 1912
           Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
            growing industries needed clerical staffs
            clerks
            typists
            secretaries
            telephone operators
            sales clerks in department stores
   d. Organizing the Working Class
            Wilhelm Liebknecht - German Social Democratic Party
            growth of Marxism
            Jean Jaures
           Eduard Bernstein -- Evolutionary Socialism
            anarchism
          Michael Bakunin

II. The Growth of Mass Society and Culture
   a. Population Growth
          i. improved water supplies
          ii. advancements in health care
           Pasteur's   work led to control of disease through vaccines
              injection of disease bacterium causes immune system
              to develop antibodies
           Joseph Lister and Louis Pasteur
              Lister developed antiseptic practices
          iii. immigration from rural areas to industrial regions
          iv. increased immigration to the U.S.
               Italians, Poles, Slovaks, Russians, Jews
              U.S. Immigration
              Sex Ratio    Males per 100 Females, United States, 1790-1990
              Making of America a digital library of primary sources in American
               social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction.
             NY Ellis Island --Immigration: 1900-1920
   b. The Urban Environment
          i. continued growth of industrial and commercial centers
          Contagious Diseases Act 1864
           1870 Education Act
            improvement of water and sewer systems in major cities
            1890 Housing Act -- local taxes used to build low cost housing
   c. The Social Structure
          Standard of living in industrial countries improved
       i. The Elite
       ii. The Middle Class
           diverse groups
           upper middle class - wealthy business families
           merchants, lawyers, doctors
           shopkeepers, small businessmen, accountants, managers
           interested in comfortable homes, fashionable clothing, servants
           stressed hard work, frugality, morality, education
       iii. The Lower Classes
            the majority of the population
            skilled workers developed craft unions
            semi skilled and unskilled workers in factories and sweatshops
            large numbers of women maids and cooks
            entertainment chiefly music halls and drinking
   d. The Role of Women
            premarital sex and illegitimacy increased in the early 1800s
            decreased as middle class preached morality
            economic factors important in middle class marriages
            men often postponed marriage and focused on careers
            middle class women stayed home - supervised servants
            the home became increasingly important to the middle class
            working class women worked, cooked, cleaned
   e.  Education and Leisure in Mass Society
            English schools trained gentlemen
            German technical schools provided chemists, engineers
III. The National State
    A. Britain
        Act of Union (1801) combined English and Irish Parliaments
         Benjamin Disraeli     Conservative Prime Minister
         William Gladstone    Liberal Prime Minister
         1884 Reform Act extended vote among adult male taxpayers
            Home Rule bills defeated in 1886 & 1893, passed in 1914
      B. France
            defeat in the Franco-Prussian War led to the collapse of
            the Second Empire
            Paris Commune 1871
           The Siege and Commune of Paris, 1870 - 1871
            wanted government control of prices and wages, social reforms
            civil war divided France
            Third Republic formed in 1875
            General Boulanger called for war against Germany (1886)
     C. Germany
             Bismarck
             kulturkampf (1870)
             attacked Catholic party
             attack on Social Democrats
             passed legislation providing sickness, accident, & old age insurance
             undermined socialist movement
             Foreign Policy -- Three Emperor's League
         1887 Reinsurance Treaty   with Russia
         Otto von Bismarck: The Reinsurance Treaty and His Dismissal
IV. Intellectual and Cultural Developments
      Developments in the Sciences
       Albert Einstein -- theory of relativity -- E=MC2
       Einstein's Legacy
       Albert Einstein Online
       Friedrich Nietzsche Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
       The Will to Power
       Thus Spoke Zarathustra
       -- antagonistic to the Judeo-Christian world-view
       The Nietzsche Page at USC
       Sigmund Freud   Austrian Originator of Psycho-Analysis
       Freud: Conflict and Culture
      The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism
      Spencer applied Darwin's ideas to society
           encouraged racism & imperialism
      The Attack on Christianity
      The Culture of Modernity
         Writers and artists responded to the new age
Literature
         Naturalism
         Naturalism in American Literature
         Emile Zola - Germinal
        Ibsen -  A Doll House
         Chekov
         Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) -- Crime and Punishment
                                                               The Brothers Karamazov
         Leo Nikoleyevich Tolstoy (1828-1910)  -- War and Peace
         Joseph Conrad --  Heart of Darkness
         Josef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski  (1857-1924)
         Upton Sinclair (1878-1968)  -- The Jungle
         Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)  -- Sister Carrie
        Stephen Crane   (1871-1900 ) -- The Red Badge of Courage
                                                        Maggie: A Girl of the Streets
                                                        "The Open Boat"
        Stephen Crane History Page
  Art
     Experimentation with new forms
     Impressionism
       Claude Monet                 (1840-1926)
       --  Waterlillies   --   Haystacks
       Pierre-Auguste Renoir    (1841-1919)
       Camille Pissarro               (1830-1903)
       Edgar Degas                     (1834-1917)
       Edouard Manet                (1832-1883)
       Paul Cezanne                    (1839-1906)
        -- Landscapes
    Expressionism
         Paul Gauguin                  (1848-1903)
         Vincent van Gogh           (1853-1890)
         -- Irises
       Edvard Munch (1863-1944)
       Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)
 New Directions in Politics
       The Movement for Women's Rights
        Emmeline Pankhurst
        founded the  Women's Social and Political Union
        women staged marches, damaged property, used  hunger strikes
        government responded with  Cat and Mouse Act
        Emily Davison
        WPSU supported Britain's war effort - government extended the vote
        The Transformation of Liberalism
        Liberal Party provided old age pensions, workers' compensation
        sickness, accident, and unemployment insurance
        1911 Parliament Act reduced the powers of the House of Lords
        Herbert Henry Asquith
        David Lloyd George   supported social reform
        Winston Churchill
        Labour Party founded 1900
        under the leadership of  James Ramsay MacDonald
        Growing Tensions in Germany
   Industrialization and Revolution in Russia
        Chronology of Russian History
        Russia remained agrarian/industrially underdeveloped
        Radicals wanted to destroy the monarchy
        Alexander II
           serfs granted right to own land -- if they could pay
           assassinated 1881
        Alexander III (1881-1894)
           refused to make attempts at reform
           limited local government
           increased the use of the secret police
           program od Russification aimaed at Finns, Poles, Jews
           attempted to implant Russian culture and language
           among subject peoples
        Nicholas II (1894-1917)
           incapable of leading Russia forward
           Sergei Witte promoted construction of railways and telegraph lines
           exports and imports increased
           Russia had coal, iron, and oil -- little investment capital
           industrial working class grew
           slums spread around industrial cities
           peasants moved between farms and cities
           industries lacked highly skilled work force
           reforms too little too late
           workers developed class consciousness
           spies used to watch opposition
        Liberals - Constitutional Democrats wanted constitutional monarchy
        Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
        concerned with the welfare of the peasants
        wanted to overthrow the government
        Socialist Revolutionary Party
        Social Democrats - Marxists - promoted political revolution
        Social Democratic Labour Party
        1903 - Social Democrats met in London and split into factions
        Menshevik Party   - believed socialism would grow
        prepared to work within government and political system
        Bolsheviks --  Bolshevik Party
        Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin (1870-1924)
              Adapted Marx's ideas
            What Is to Be Done? -- advocated revolution
        Japanese attacked Russian fleet at Port Arthur (1904)
        defeat led to more discontent -- lack of faith in Tsar
        liberals increased demands for reform
        Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22, 1905) -- demonstrators shot at Winter Palace
        October 30 -- Nicholas II promised wider vote for Duma
        Duma (legislature) would have to approve laws
   
  The Rise of the United States
         population increase in industrial cities
         reformers began to turn their attention to politics
         Progressive Movement
The New Imperialism
       19th Century Imperialism
       Causes of the New Imperialism
       need for new markets and natural resources
       competition among nations
       nationalism
       Social Darwinism
      The Creation of Empires
         Scramble for Africa
               European nations sought political and economic control
               of foreign nations
International Rivalry
        The Bismarkian System
        Bismark tried to maintain peace through alliances
        Three Emperors League (1873) Austria, Russia, Germany
        Triple Alliance (1882) Austria, Germany, Italy
        1887 Reinsurance Treaty   with Russia
        promise of neutrality if either was attacked
    New Crises
        Wilhelm II ended Reinsurance Treaty
        Russia established alliance with France
        nationalism in the Balkans threatened Ottomans
        Serbia gained independence in 1878
        Austria annexed Bosnia in 1908
        1st Balkan War (1912)
        assassination of  Franz Ferdinand   (1914)