Suggested Readings and Web sites


Ausubel, D. P. (1963). The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning. New York: Grune and Stratton.
 
Ausubel, D. P. (1968). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Ausubel, D. P., J. D. Novak, and H. Hanesian. (1978). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Reprinted, New York: Warbel & Peck, 1986.


Bellanca, J. A. The cooperative think tank II : Graphic organizers to teach thinking in the cooperative classroom. Skylight, Palatine, Ill. 1992.

Bos, C. S., Anders, P. L. (1992). Using interactive teaching and learning strategies to promote text comprehension and content learning for students with learning disabilities. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 39(3), 225-38.

Bromley, K., Irwin-De Vitis, L & Modlo, M. (1995). Graphic Organizers: Visual strategies for active learning. New York:  Scholastic, Inc.

Cassidy, J. (1989). Using graphic organizers to develop critical thinking. Gifted Child Today, 12(6), 34-36.

Cassidy, J., Hossler, A. (1992). Help your students get the main idea with graphic organizers. Learning, 21(2), 75-77,82.


Concept Maps on Various Topics.
<http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/misconceptions/concept_map/concept_maps.html
>

Darch, C. B., Carnine, D. W., & Kammeenui, E. J. (1986). The role of graphic organizers and social structure in content area instruction. Journal of Reading Behavior, 18(4), 275-295.


Dye, G. A. (2000). Graphic organizers to the rescue! helping students link--and remember--information. TEACHING Exceptional Children, 32(3), 72-76.

Ellis, E. S. (1994). Integrating writing strategy instruction with content-area instruction: Part I--Orienting students to organizational devices. Intervention in School and Clinic, 29(3), 169-79.

Ferry, Brian, Hedberg, J and Harper, B. (1997) How do Preservice Teachers use Concept Maps to Organize Their Curriculum Content Knowledge?
<http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/perth97/papers/Ferry/Ferry.html >

Fleener, M. J., Marek, E. A. (1992) Testing in the learning cycle. Science Scope, 15(6), 48-49.

Gaines, Brian R. and Shaw, Mildred L. G. (1995) Concept Maps as Hypermedia Components <http://ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/articles/ConceptMaps/CM.html>


Gambrell L. & Bales, R. (1987). Visual imagery: A strategy for enhancing listening, reading and writing. Australian Journal of Reading. 10(3),147-153.


Griffin, C. C., Tulbert, B. L. (1995). The effect of graphic organizers on students' comprehension and recall of expository text: A review of the research and implications for practice. Reading and Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 11(1), 73-89.

Hyerle, D. (1996). Thinking maps: Seeing is understanding. Educational Leadership, 53(4), 85-89.

Introduction to Concept Mapping"  Mitochondria
< http://www.strategictransitions.com/mitochondria.htm
>

Joseph, Cynthia H. (2002) Using Concept Maps to aid Reading Comprehension in a High School Biology Classroom. Networks: An Online Journal for Teacher Research
<http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/~ctd/networks/journal/Vol%205(1).2002march/Joseph.html>


Kealy, W. A. (1996). The effect of picture position on learning from an accompanying text. Reading Psychology, 17(4), 309-331.

Kealy, W. A. & Webb, J.M. (1995). Verbal Learning with maps and diagrams. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20, 340-358.


Kremer, R.  and Gaines, B.R.  Embedded Interactive Concept Maps in Web Documents
< http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~kremer/webnet96/webnet_kremer.html >


Kurtus, R. Enhance Writing Creativity Using Graphical Outlines
< http://www.school-for-champions.com/writing/graphicaloutlines.htm >


Langan-Fox, J., Waycott, J., & Albert, K. (2000). Linear and Graphic Advance Organizers: Properties and Processing. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 4 (1) 19-34.

McKenzie, Jamie. A Picture is Worth . . . a Thousand Words: Graphical Organizers as Thinking Technology. FNO 7( 2) October 1997, <http://optin.iserver.net/fromnow/oct97/picture.html>


Mayer, R. E. (1984). Twenty-five years of research on advanced organizers. Instructional Science, 8, 133-169.

Merkley, D., & Jeffries, D., (2000). Guidelines for Implementing a Graphic Organizer.  The Reading Teacher. 54 (4), 350-357.


Milarn, J.H., Santo, S.A., and Heaton, L.A.  Concept Maps For Web-Based Applications
<http://highered.org/docs/milam-conceptmaps.PDF
>

Moore, D. & Readence, J.E. (1980).  A Quantitative and Qualitative Review of Graphic Organizer Research.  Journal of Educational Research, 78, 11-17.


Novak, J.D. (1995). Concept mapping to facilitate teaching and learning. Prospects. XXV(1),79-85.

Novak, J. D. (1998). Learning, creating and using knowledge:  Concept map as facilitative tools in schools and corportations.  Mahway, NJ:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Inc.


Novak, J.D., Gowin, R.B., and Johansen, G.T. (1983). The use of concept mapping and knowledge vee mapping with junior high school science students. Science Education. 67(5):625-45.

Ritchie, D. and Gimenez, F. (1995) Effectiveness of Graphic Organizers in Computer-Based instruction with Dominant Spanish and Dominant English Speaking Students, <http://edweb.sdsu.edu/Courses/Ed690DR/articleCritique/critique.html>


Robinson, D.H., & Kiewra, K.A. (1995).  Visual Argument:  Graphic Organizers are Superior to Outlines in Improving Learning From Text.  Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 455-467.


Trochim, W.M.K.
  Concept Mapping: Soft Science or Hard Art?
<http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/research/epp2/epp2.htm
>

T h e U s e O f C o n c e p t M a p s I n T h e T e a c h i n g - L e a r n i n g P r o c e s s
< http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/misconceptions/concept_map/cmapguid.html
>

Willerman, M. & Harg, R.A. M. (1991). The concept maps as an advance organizer. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 28(8),705-711.


Winn, W. D. & Holliday, W. G. (1982). Design principles for diagrams and charts. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), The technology of text (pp. 277 299). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.